The Simplified Acquisitions Methods- Contract Administration and Essay

The Simplified Acquisitions Methods-Contract Administration and Management - Essay Example Government authority can make and pay for an improved procurement utilizing money, buy request, government wide buy request at the comfort of the organization (private companies for this situation). To win this obtaining, the organization should basically furnish contracting authorities with a citation. Streamlined procurement is an adaptable technique for buying as systems fluctuate by contract esteem. It additionally favors private companies in the accompanying manners: lessens managerial costs, improving open doors for little firms, little distraught firms and ladies claimed independent ventures, advances effectiveness and monetarily basic in securing of agreements lastly to evade pointless weight for offices and contractual workers. The open law built up extraordinary prerequisites for the obtaining of business things planned to all the more intently look like those generally utilized in the business commercial center. The national government built up a unit that led statistical surveying as a fundamental component of building a successful system for the obtaining of business things and set up the establishment for the office portrayal of need, the requesting and coming about agreements (Office of the Federal Register US, 2010). The legislature additionally set explicit methods for requesting, assessment and grant of agreements. Those techniques were to be clung to by the temporary workers, therefore making business great for independent companies. Different laws set by the national government to screen contracting include: contract quality affirmation, warning of excessive charge and assurance of value sensibility (Office of the Federal Register US, 2010). The utilization of innovation has been a huge headway in the business segment; it makes move of data from one gathering to the next effectively and productively. This along these lines spares time the extent that obtaining of items and contracting is concern. This can be accomplished by connection of citations on a mail for

Week one CYB 634 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week one CYB 634 - Assignment Example This makes injustice members. This can be, notwithstanding, overseen through appropriate rivalry rules and morals in order to cause it of significant worth to take an interest. Significant rivalry ought to incorporate the accompanying: decency in that everybody is dealt with the equivalent and the individuals who win should win decently. Any instructive rivalry should add information to students and furthermore test the correct inquiry of a specific degree of training. Straightforwardness is vital to any opposition where reviewing and strategy for stamping are known and utilized in the checking procedure. Straightforwardness calls for check and equalization where the outcome ought to be assessed and free outer analyst to find out their accuracy. There ought to likewise be an approach to distinguish cheating and a discipline proposed to it. In order to deflect the individuals who are plotting to undermine the tests. Digital rivalry ought to incorporate the accompanying occasion, post examination tests this where the individuals who have experienced a specific test can be assessed after some time, for example two years to decide whether their aptitudes are fully informed regarding current market request to give them a possibility of

Beginning Your Mystery Novel

Starting Your Mystery Novel Starting Your Mystery Novel Starting Your Mystery Novel By Maeve Maddox Youve got an extraordinary thought for a riddle novel. You can barely wait to begin, however before you dispatch into that first section, three stages can spare you long periods of dissatisfaction and fix work later. 1. With the homicide as the focal occasion, draw a course of events. Show where each character is at some random time. This will help you in the making of plausible excuses. It will likewise keep you from setting a character in two places simultaneously. Have an unmistakable thought from the beginning regarding what timeframe your story will cover. Anticipation is constantly more prominent when the activity happens inside exacting time limitations. 2. Compose brief a personal sketch for each character. You may have just three characters in any case: casualty, analyst, and individual recounting to the story. As new characters enter the story, include their profiles. Set aside the effort to consider proper names for your characters. Utilizing brief names and transforming them later is counterproductive. Names add to a feeling of character. The accounts neednt be long. Clear data required: the characters physical appearance age sexual orientation goals job in the story Realizing the characters different preferences, past disillusionments, and in any event one youth injury will take care of your oblivious brain, adding to the plot in manners you cannot envision when you start your story. On the off chance that furthermore you give each character a mystery, the way is clear to give bogus leads by causing the honest characters to act in dubious manners. 3. Keep your draft in single word preparing document, not in discrete records for every part. Having it across the board enormous document will improve update. You will need to improve parts and spread out data. Its a lot simpler to do that when the whole draft is in one accessible document. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Fiction Writing classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsHow Long Should a Paragraph Be?Sentence Adverbs

St. Louis School of Medicine on Probation [What Does That Mean]

The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) is the accrediting agency for medical schools in the U.S. and Canada. It is a peer review process that is sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Medical Association. Every eight years the LCME provides a full evaluation of each medical school. They cover 125 standards in five main areas: institutional setting, educational program leading to a MD degree, student experience, faculty, and institutional resources. If a school fails to meet these standards, available in more detail here, the school has two years to make changes before it loses accreditation. The school could refute the findings, but most schools focus on addressing the issues identified. It’s important to note that while a school is under probation, it remains accredited. I received confirmation from the American Medical Association that there are no U.S. medical schools that have ever lost accreditation after being placed on prob ation. It is shocking when it occurs because a school knows when to expect these evaluations and has years to prepare for them. When a school fails to meet these standards, it’s a good indication to a student that they may not want to apply to it because the school is falling behind other schools, often in multiple areas. When a brand new medical school opens it is given a â€Å"preliminary† status. Its status changes to â€Å"provisional† after it has been operating for about three years and has met all requirements. Currently, there are six schools with â€Å"preliminary† status and four schools with â€Å"provisional† status, as listed in the table below. If a school loses accreditation, there are dire consequences for students in its program. Without LCME accreditation, the students completing their studies would not be allowed to take national board exams or apply for residencies. When selecting medical schools, it’s a good idea to avoid applying to any schools on probation as a precautionary measure to avoid any long-term consequences. Unfortunately, this year, the Saint Louis University School of Medicine has been placed on probation. They have two years to address the issues in curriculum and policy that were identified; a complete list is available here. Last year, the University of Missouri School of Medicine was placed on probation for issues with gender discrimination, among other issues, available here. However, the school is no longer listed as on probation. For a complete list of the schools and their accreditation status, see here. Currently, the only school listed as being on probation is Saint Louis University School of Medicine. List of schools with preliminary, provisional and probation statuses: Preliminary California Northstate University College of Medicine, 2015 University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Medicine, 2016 CUNY School of Medicine, 2015 The University of Texas at Austin Medical School, 2015 University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, 2015 Washington State University College of Medicine, 2016 Provisional The University of California, Riverside, 2012 Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 2012 Western Michigan University School of Medicine, 2012 Probation Saint Louis University School of Medicine While no U.S. medical school has ever lost accreditation, it is still a wise course of action to apply only to schools that are not currently on probation. Medical students face serious consequences if their school loses its accreditation. Fundamentally, probation may indicate that professional colleagues believe the school in question is not providing its students with the highest quality education. UPDATE JUNE 19, 2017: At the time this article was posted,  the University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix had provisional status and was on the provisional list. It has since earned  full accreditation.   Congrats U of Arizona! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '86f5524b-d243-498c-8cf3-5cd4ea5bdc9f', {}); Alicia McNease Nimonkar worked for 5 years as the Student Advisor Director at the UC Davis School of Medicine's postbac program where she both evaluated applications and advised students applying successfully to med school and other health professional programs. She has served Accepted's clients since 2012 with roughly a 90% success rate. She has a Master of Arts in Composition and Rhetoric as well as Literature.  Want Alicia to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Navigate the Med School Maze, a free guide †¢ In-State vs. Out-of-State Med School Acceptance Rates †¢ The BEST Advice for New Med School Applicants

The Family Medical Leave Act ( Fmla ) - 1620 Words

The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed with the idea of creating job protected leave when necessary, while also providing employees with the opportunity to balance work, health, and family responsibilities. FMLA is designed to avoid job loss when employees request additional time off in order to treat a critical medical condition or deal with serious family or personal matters. Due to the establishment of FMLA, workers can now maintain employment as they treat qualifying medical conditions, care for a close relative, bond with newborn, etc. In other words, the concept of FMLA was for employers to legally support their workers during life’s challenging circumstances. Although many positive outcomes are a result of this law, administering FMLA has turned into a challenging and complex task for employers. Passing this law triggered many unintended consequences that have tremendously affected the way organizations manage their leave of absence policies. Employee abuse of t his privilege is a major issue employers are being faced with. The impact FMLA leave has on the entire company, including quality, performance, and productivity can be dramatic. These unplanned concerns that now exist due to FMLA provide tremendous amounts of stress for the employers to properly manage the law; FMLA has turned into a problem employers are defenseless against. Employee Abuse of FMLA The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was enacted to offer relief and protection to those workersShow MoreRelatedEssay about Family and Medical Leave Act (Fmla)885 Words   |  4 PagesFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) What is Family and Medical leave Act (FMLA)? The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) that was passed in 1993, is a national policy that grants workers up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave in four situations. These four situations are for pregnancy; to care for an infant, such as newborns, newly-placed foster children, and adoptions; to care for a relative with a serious health condition; or to allow an employee to recover and recuperate from a personal seriousRead MoreEssay about The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe balancing act of family and work can be very difficult at times. At some point in everyone’s life, he or she will need to take time off of work to deal with family matters. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 was created to help employees find a balance between the challenging demands of work and home. This Act allows eligible workers that require time off for personal reasons or family emergencies up to twe lve weeks of unpaid leave. During the 1992 presidential campaign, GovernorRead MoreThe Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesYou just got over a serious medical condition yourself which you acquired while on vacation and do not have any vacation time or sick time to take off. Do you have to quit your job? Can your employer terminate you for taking time off to be with your child? What options do you have? What can your employer do for you? Well, the answer lies in the Family and Medical Leave Act. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed in 1993 and allows employees to take unpaid leave for up to 12 workweeks inRead MoreThe Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA)1236 Words   |  5 PagesSituation A. The Family Medical Leave Act, deals with the laws regarding â€Å"eligible† employees taking off up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for their childs birth, adopting a child, taking care of an ill family member, or if they themselves have a serious health condition (Vikesland, 2006). In order to be considered an eligible employee, you must work for a company that employs at least fifty people, have worked there for a year and have worked a minimum of 1,250 hours in that year. â€Å"The employeeRead MoreEssay about The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave and job protection for childbirth, adoption or foster care; to care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent; or for an employee’s own serious illness (Caà ±as Sondak, 2011). It also requires that their group health benefits remain intact during the unpaid leave of absen ce. The employee must have worked for the employer for at least a year and must have earned 1,250 hours of serviceRead MoreHuman Resource ( Hr ) Departments988 Words   |  4 Pagesto help both the employee and the employer. This paper will discuss the Family and Medical Leave Act and what it is able to provide for employees. The Law Public Law 103-3; 29 U.S.C. sec. 2601; 29 CFR 825, better known as the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), was put into effect on August 5, 1993. Interestingly, the FMLA was proposed to congress every year since 1984 but was blocked repeatedly. Finally, the FMLA passed with bipartisan agreement through the U.S. House of RepresentativesRead MoreInformative Outline Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesTitle of Presentation: The role of the Family and Medical Leave Act in the workplace. Name of Presenter: Maria Vargas Description of Business Audience: Informative presentation to managers to fully understand the new standard regulations of the Family and Medical Leave Act in a company. Introduction: The year 2013 celebrates the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) by President Clinton. Since then, many families has had the advantage of this law. InRead MoreAnalysis of the Amended Family and Medical Leave Act Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 5, 1993 the amended Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), was intended to help employees have a work life balance. This accomplishment placed the United Stated ahead of major barriers for the fair labor laws. Before having the amended FMLA put into place, employees were rarely granted job protection for caring for newborns, relatives and personal medical illness. With the new amended act, it allowed employees to take a leave of absence from their job and allowed protection from beingRead MoreEmployment and Medical Leave Act Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesFamily and Medical Leave Act The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) was established to help protect employees who missed work for medical reasons. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides employees job protection in case of family or medical emergency. FMLA permits eligible employees to take up to 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period. (Martocchio, 2003) The Wage and Hour Division (WHD) is responsible for administrating and enforcing most of the labor laws, including

United States And The Modern World - 2058 Words

Every minute, 30 football field sized sections of forests are cut down—and that is just from illegal harvesting (â€Å"Corruption and the Environment†). The modern world has become so reliant on wood products that at the current rate of deforestation there will soon be no forests left to enjoy. Governments refrain from making their clear-cutting plans public to avoid scrutiny. With governments very unlikely to change their policies, unless monetary gain is guaranteed, it is on the people of the United States and the rest of the world to reinforce positive environmental consciousness. If people were to become aware of the consequences to living extravagant lifestyles, more natural resources would be conserved for future generations. People in†¦show more content†¦Trees are becoming a scarcer resource everyday, thus planting trees not only saves homeowners money, but also positively affects the environment around them. In order to create a healthier, more financially stable society, and to reduce unnecessary energy emissions from properties, homeowners, realtors and developers must consolidate to reduce home sizes and create larger, more environmentally sustainable outdoor landscapes. Since the inflation of the United States dollar continues to rise every year, housing prices in relation to the peak of the market in 2006 are at a standstill, or even are decreasing in many cities. The housing market has fully recovered from the devastation of 2006. Currently, homes in San Francisco are worth, on average, almost 15% more than in 2008. Unfortunately, due to inflation the majority of the value in the housing market has decreased since the mortgage fallout, by 19.4% (â€Å"American House Prices†). The housing market peaked just before the collapse of 2006, mainly because banks became greedy and did not check the majority of their clients credit scores. As the time passed, banks soon realized that their plans were not unfolding as planned. The Washington Post estimated that at the time of the fallout 1 in 5 mortgage holders had below average credit. In many banks, whole empires were controlled by â€Å"subprime mortgages†. This meant homebuyers who had poo r credit scores dictated the

Arab Culture Essay Example For Students

Arab Culture Essay The Arab culture has always been criticized by the westerns as uncivilized and barbaric. On the other side, the Arabs thought of the westerns as infidels and unwise people. This led to a great deal of conflicts between the two cultures, which remain until this moment. It is a meaningless question to ask which culture is better, but a more definitequestion is which culture is better at what? The western culture for example appears to be more successful in business, economics, science, liberty values and retains a higher standard of living than those of Arab cultures. While the Arab culture appears to have a more emphasized moral approach, which appears in the low rate of crime and social problems such as divorce, drug addiction and so forth when compared to the western culture. Yet while living in the globalization age both cultures are forced to adopt each ones ideas and beliefs , but what it could be the values and ideas that westerns will borrow from Arabs and those that Arabs will borrow from westerns. Most of people will think that there is not much to benefit from the Arab culture. This is totally misleading and not based on any facts, the westerns can benefit tremendously from the Arab culture in numerous ways. Signs of adopting social manners are starting to appear in the western cultures as many families are starting to encourage social ties and habits of those of the Arabs. Many western parents are encouraging their children to stick to their religion and behave according to it. As a result, the rate of teen pregnancy and divorce rate and drug addiction has recently decreased in many western countries. Moreover they westerns are starting to appreciate the value of family ties, larger family size and increased number in-laws is a sign of adoption of Arab beliefs. Day after day, more morals and values are embraced by the westerns from the Arab culture. On the other side, the Arabs believe they have a lot to gain from the western culture. They started to take on the westernized practical way of living; and are beginning to liberate their societies and acquire business and economic experience from the westerns. Several examples of westernization reside in the economy of the Arab countries. The adoption of the free market economy is one of the most noticeable examples; other methods of western methods in running countries policies are also adopted. While on the social level Arabs seems to be exchanging roles with the westerns. As they are starting to leave the ideas of family ties and change to the less family size and a more materialistic view, as the rate of marriages are starting to decrease in most of the Arab countries. Furthermore, the rate of crime is increasing as the Arabs begin to leave their strong religious ties and beliefs. Moreover, Arabs are adopting the manners that the western are trying to abandon now such as premari tal sex and divorce. In conclusion, both Arabs and westerns need each other, but they must think of what beliefs should be adopted and not to romanticize each other. Moreover, time will show us if the morals and religious beliefs can co-exist with materialistic achievements or it is a companion for only the poor and less developed cultures.

Song Lyrics free essay sample

Too Short (feat. Ice Cube) (1996) and Pitch Ass Inning by Dry. Drew (feat. Snoop Dog, Whitman Six-Two) (2001 explains how women are gendered as sexualities objects that are disposed after use, and racialists the Importance of mens hegemonic masculinity. In this paper I will compare and contrast how women are described as sexual, disposable trash, and men as cowards from the word pitch. The concept of Pitch is how a person (not necessarily a woman) is thoroughly disliked.In the first song by Too Short the first erase, She wont complain about sit because, shes my hoe which he refers to women will not complain. Women will do whatever Too Short tells her. Women belong to him because he owns them. The song makes people think that all women are sluts that sleep around. The rappers have perceived biological differences because women are viewed to be sexual disposable objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Song Lyrics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rappers believe and norms require women to cook, clean, and serve men no matter what mistakes men makes or abuse that women are going through. Rap music has depicted women as sex objects. The music industries are advertising women as sex appeal symbols. Women are put on display Like pieces of commodities or merchandise. The only variance is that the sexually-oriented depictions of women in advertising and media have contemptibly become more open now than before. It Is a notorious fact that sex sells. The more nudity or sexual reference depicted, the greater the sales generated in an exploitative and profit- driven music industry.The second verse duet by Ice Cube, See, he quick to grab a pitch by the throat and slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick pitch. A trick pitch is a female in general. These are the types of behavior men desire. Women, who are sleeping around that men considered trash is normal to her. However, men are showing off their masculinity and manhood to keep their status among their friends by putting women down. Rap music is reaching more people than any other genre therefore the messages and images embedded within rap music are reaching more people than ever before.With such a large audience women think this type of behavior is normal to them. The domestic violence industry ignores women that are beaten by their partners. The media gets points and praise from people of mainstream hip-hop norms. Often, the appeal of commentary on hip- pop comes from rapper showing off their masculinity. Rap music stereotypes young women dressed like prostitutes in the rap videos showing off their ass, breasts, to Impress, which appeals the man. In contrast, men who beat and physically abuse women, you are called a pitch.If men are brave enough to express themselves In a rational and masculine way, you are called a pitch for that. And finally If men dont stand up for themselves and letting a woman walk all over you and disrespect you, you can be accused of being a pitch. The social norm is that rappers tend to dislike any feminine behaviors (positive r negative) In men. In this second song it talks about masculinity. If you act Like a pitch (enigma) enigma you get smacked like a pitch What the rappers are saying is that females are perceived as weak.Men dont want to be perceived as female because it (Masculinity= strength, not weakness) Weakness irritates men, particularly if its seen in other men. Because pitch behavior is perceived as female, and men arena supposed to act like females. Feminism has made it that a variety of masculine characteristics are now perceived more favorably. We see a man crying, we assume hes gay or seriously messed up. Because of the standards of hegemonic masculinity men have little sympathy. In the second song, Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a pitch enigma! This song equates heterosexual stereotyping masculinity. Males typically want to show their peers that they are better than them, as this shows that they are more dominant. The artist contrasts their own masculinity with men they view as non-masculine who are inferior. The criticism is on how men talk, whining and complaining like some women do. Throughout the songs, the insults and boasts about physical size, strength, and heterosexuality. The constant efforts to compete and one up the other are characteristics traits of masculinity.More importantly, through observing these two songs, we can get a better understanding of what men in general believe. This is true because most males believe similar traits are masculine. Also, their messages of masculinity will be absorbed by their listeners, and in turn their listeners will develop the same beliefs about masculinity as are portrayed in the songs. Thus, by listening to these songs we gain insight as to how a large portion of our society views masculinity. Anti Nothing But A Word To Me (feat. Ice Cube) [Too Short]Now take my pitch She wont complain about sit Because, shes my hoe She dont belong to a trick So when you buck her, and give her all your cash I get paid, or put my foot in her ass I wont marry the pitch, and give her half I get more head, and then I laugh, at the one pitch sit I got a gang of hoes [Ice Cube] Now stupid little pitches get tossed If they dont realize Im the mouthwatering boss Come on down and get your ass pinched And if you talk sit, get your ass lynched Cause Im the B the I the T the C the H The K the I the L the L the A Ice Cube, a enigma thats Biggs than a nut Cause a pitch is a pitch is a hoe is a slutYou say how can I call a women a pitch? It anti nothing but a word like sit Anti no slipping in my mouthwatering pimping And all pitches anti women You come home and get smooth cussed out You goat a pitch with a foul ass mouth Scared to trip her with a left hook Woozy a pitch in my book Pitch My enigma Jinx made the mix So punk ass mouthwatering pitches get the 86 I keep hoes on five (yeah pitch) Cause Im bucking more puss than the law allow With my boy Too Short See, he quick to grab a pitch by the throat And slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick pitch I like fat pitches, and I like me slimIll take a fat pitch, and stick my dick right in, her big fat ass Shell make me UCM again Im Mack daddy pitch, buck her friend I saw your homelier, she said whats up with us I said nothing, bucked her on a tour bus She got it good too, ticked down on the floor The pitch was fine, but the puss anti good as yours She a strag gler, struggler, straight slalom smuggler Overtime I see the pitch, shes looking uglier And if you got a trick ass on your left Last night she sucked my dick, now shes kissing little man Wont even suck my dick, unless cut out the middle man And if you have never heard of me Woozy a pitchIt anti but a word to me [Female voice:] Ill stop calling yea, Botchy [echo] Man Buck these hoes man, yea know (nappy ass pitch ass tramp ass sluts ass hoe) I go hard on a pitch, buck respect for yea men I get my way with a pitch, when I act like a pimp Always carrying bank, but I fooled the pitch Cause all she ever got was to drupe on my dick Ice Cube will slap a hoe for the buck of it Just like me and thats some real sit Pitch got bold with her loud ass mouth Tough ass pitch got knocked out You know a pitch anti nothing but a word to me Some of you punks are Just scared to see If you could call that pitch a pitch you wouldAnd if you cant, you probably should Im spitting game to you mark ass lames O n how how to get pitch and treat the pitch like sit You cant buy love, all pimps know that Its all about the way old Short Dog Macks Dont hold the pitch hand or walk side by side Go first class overtime you fly Shell go Greyhound, and Just meet you there Im Just an ice cold hard ass Oakland player You want to tongue kiss pitch, it figures I introduce you to my homeboy Richard Also known by his nickname Dick Now lets tongue kiss pitch I like big butts so let it be known to the public Im only out for one thing so hate meI anti the one so dont try to fade me I dont wear too much gold because its tacky I bust a Raider hat T-shirt and Khakis See a lot of hoes in freaky clothes everyday So I talk to me in any 01 can I way See a pitch need a enigma to coach me So I grab my dick and smoothly approach me I say hi and Im really kind of pitched If they ignore me then I say You freak pitch Give up the number hardly, well have a slumber party You see Ill buck you to death and then Ill dump the b ody Cause Im a enigma thats Biggs than crew or a gang And when it comes to pitches Im out for only one than You pitch anti nothing but a word to me, Short Pitch Ass Inning (feat. Snoop Dog, Whitman Six-Two) [Drew] Some good-ass weed! Snoop Dog] Check it out Dog; this game is a monotheistic trip man Word on the streets Everybody always trying to run up on me hollering about word on the street is disc enigma said disc.. Man I dont give a BUCK about what that enigma said man! Thats whats wrong with you inning, you inning is Just like pitches Hoe-ass inning, talk too monotheistic much (speak) Study your own, get your own Hyannis? Be independent enigma BOTCH! [Drew] Yeah [Snoop] Pitch inning (pitch inning).. Pitch inning (pitch inning).. Ditch-ass inning (botch).. Both] PITCH INNING (pitch noting). . [Snoop] Yeah Im talking about you (botch).. [Drew] Pitch inning [Snoop] and you too (botch).. Hem.. Dog..I meet MO pitch inning than hoes look here And I really dont know, but thats Just how it go (damn) Dog so many inning like to keep up sit they blast me in the back (aka-aka-aka-aka-aka) Inning stay strapped from way back, cause payback.. al make inning want pop that sit If you anti ready for the game (uh-uh) enigma stop that sit We rock that sit, my enigma Drew, drop that sit (right) No MO talking, Im walking and Im popping the clip Clock on the hip, set-tripping dipping an sit If you act like a pitch (enigma) enigma you get smacked like a pitch [Snoop] Pitch inning, pitch inning (pitch inning) [Dry. Drew] These inning dont know what the buck is going on You Dog, check it kick back Let me holly at these inning for a minute.. Straight off the streets of chaos and no pity The aggravated, making these punk mufflers hate it COMPTON is the city Im from Cant never leave the crib without a murder wee-upon Huh, I cant live my life on broke no MO And most of these fools anti sit but cutthroats They smile in a enigma face and for what? They got the game bucked up, and want my than bucked up I done learned a lot, seen a whole lot The top notch enigma, Im fiend for that spot Now peep game on what Six-Deuce told me [SIX-TWO] These inning after you paper, Dry. D. R. E. (what? ) And these punk-ass hoes is looking for dough You goat watch your homeboys, cause a enigma never know Oh, theyll be around, but when you paper get low Just like Master P said, There Dye Go, There Day Go Pitch inning uh-huh [Dry.Drew cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop schemas, and looking hard [Audio Two] stop schemas, and.. An, and. . An-an, and.. And looking hard Pitch enigma, a pitch enigma Pitch enigma, HELL pitch enigma House a pitch enigma, motherhoods pitch enigma A pitch enigma.. A pitch enigma [Whitman] my dick be stuck up in you windpipe! Hem, youd rather blow me than fight, Im from the OLD SCHOOL like Romeo Rome homey you, you owe me the right to slap you, like the pitch that you are, that wanted to cap you every since you was mad dogging me with that pitch in you car Fool [singing] Who do you think you are? Mr.. Big Stuff Man, you sit on Hit, get you sit bust; plus pistol-whipped, cover it up use you bitchs blush Mr.. Song Lyrics free essay sample In the first song by Too Short the first verse, â€Å"She wont complain about shit because, shes my hoe† which he refers to women will not complain. Women will do whatever Too Short tells her. Women belong to him because he owns them. The song makes people think that all women are sluts that sleep around. The rappers have perceived biological differences because women are viewed to be sexual disposable objects. Rappers believe and norms require women to cook, clean, and serve men no matter what mistakes men makes or abuse that women are going through. Rap music has depicted women as sex objects. The music industries are advertising women as sex appeal symbols. Women are put on display like pieces of commodities or merchandise. The only variance is that the sexually-oriented depictions of women in advertising and media have contemptibly become more open now than before. It is a notorious fact that sex sells. We will write a custom essay sample on Song Lyrics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The more nudity or sexual reference depicted, the greater the sales generated in an exploitative and profit-driven music industry. The second verse duet by Ice Cube, â€Å"See, he quick to grab a bitch by the throat and slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick bitch. A trick bitch is a female in general. These are the types of behavior men desire. Women, who are sleeping around that men considered trash is normal to her. However, men are showing off their masculinity and manhood to keep their status among their friends by putting women down. Rap music is reaching more people than any other genre therefore the messages and images imbedded within rap music are reaching more people than ever before. With such a large audience women think this type of behavior is normal to them. The domestic violence industry ignores women that are beaten by their partners. The media gets points and praise from people of mainstream hip-hop norms. Often, the appeal of commentary on hip-hop comes from rapper showing off their masculinity. Rap music stereotypes young women dressed like prostitutes in the rap videos showing off their ass, breasts, to impress, which appeals the man. In contrast, men who beat and physically abuse women, you are called a bitch. If men are brave enough to express themselves in a rational and masculine way, you are called a bitch for that. And finally if men dont stand up for themselves and letting a woman walk all over you and disrespect you, you can be accused of being a bitch. The social norm is that rappers tend to dislike any feminine behaviors (positive or negative) in men. In this second song it talks about masculinity. â€Å"If you act like a bitch (nigga) nigga you get smacked like a bitch† What the rappers are saying is that females are perceived as weak. Men dont want to be perceived as female because it threatens their masculinity. (Masculinity= strength, not weakness) Weakness irritates men, particularly if its seen in other men. Because â€Å"bitch† behavior is perceived as female, and men arent supposed to act like females. Feminism has made it that a variety of masculine characteristics are now perceived more favorably. We see a man crying, we assume hes gay or seriously messed up. Because of the standards of hegemonic masculinity men have little sympathy. In the second song, â€Å"Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a bitch nigga! † This song equates heterosexual stereotyping masculinity. † Males typically want to show their peers that they are better than them, as this shows that they are more dominant. The artist contrasts their own masculinity with men they view as non-masculine who are inferior. The criticism is on how men talk, whining and complaining like some women do. Throughout the songs, the insults and boasts about physical size, strength, and heterosexuality. The constant efforts to compete and one up the other are characteristics traits of masculinity. More importantly, through observing these two songs, we can get a better understanding of what men in general believe. This is true because most males believe similar traits are masculine. Also, their messages of masculinity will be absorbed by their listeners, and in turn their listeners will develop the same beliefs about masculinity as are portrayed in the songs. Thus, by listening to these songs we gain insight as to how a large portion of our society views masculinity. Aint Nothin But A Word To Me (feat. Ice Cube) [Too $hort] Now take my bitch She wont complain about shit Becuase, shes my hoe She dont belong to a trick So when you fuck her, and give her all your cash I get paid, or put my foot in her ass I wont marry the bitch, and give her half I get more head, and then I laugh, at the one bitch shit I got a gang of hoes I get, freak, ass, lick, these balls and toes [Ice Cube] Now stupid little bitches get tossed If they dont realize Im the motherfucking boss Come on down and get your ass pinched And if you talk shit, get your ass lynched Cause Im the B the I the T the C the H The K the I the L the L the A Ice Cube, a nigga thats bigga than a nut Cause a bitch is a bitch is a hoe is a slut [Too $hort] You say how can I call a women a bitch? It aint nothing but a word like shit Aint no slippin in my motherfucking pimping And all bitches aint women You come home and get smooth cussed out You gotta a bitch with a foul ass mouth Scared to tripp her with a left hook Youz a bitch in my book Bitch [Ice Cube] My nigga Jinx made the mix So punk ass motherfucking bitches get the 86 I keep hoes on five (yeah bitch) Cause Im fucking more pussy than the law allow With my boy Too $hort See, he quick to grab a bitch by the throat And slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick bitch [Too $hort] I like fat bitches, and I like em slim Ill take a fat bitch, and stick my dick right in, her big fat ass Shell make me cum again Im mack daddy bitch, fuck her friend I saw your homegirl, she said whats up with us I said nothing, fucked her on a tour bus She got it good too, dicked down on the floor The bitch was fine, but the pussy aint good as yours [Ice Cube] She a straggler, struggler, straight salome smuggler Everytime I see the bitch, shes looking uglier And if you got a trick ass on your left Sitting there with dick on her breath Last night she sucked my dick, now shes kissing little man Wont even suck my dick, unless cut out the middle man And if you have never heard of me Youz a bitch It aint but a word to me [Female voice:] Ill stop calling ya, Beyotch [echo] [Too $hort] Man Fuck these hoes man, ya know (nappy ass bitch ass tramp ass sluty ass hoe) [Female voice:] Ill stop calling ya, Beyotch [echo] [Too $hort] I go hard on a bitch, fuck respect for ya men I get my way with a bitch, when I act like a pimp Always carrying bank, but I fooled the bitch Cause all she ever got was to druel on my dick Ice Cube will slap a hoe for the fuck of it Just like me and thats some real shit Bitch got bold with her loud ass mouth Tough ass bitch got knocked out You know a bitch aint nuthin but a word to me Some of you punks are just scared to see If you could call that bitch a bitch you would And if you cant, you probably should Im spitting game to you mark ass lames On how how to get a bitch and treat the bitch like shit You cant buy love, all pimps know that Its all about the way old Short Dogg macks Dont hold the bitch hand or walk side by side Go first class everytime you fly Shell go Greyhound, and just meet you there Im just an ice cold hard ass Oakland player You want to tongue kiss bitch, it figures I introduce you to my homeboy Richard Also known by his nickname Dick Now lets tongue kiss bitch [Ice Cube] I like big butts so let it be known to the public I bust a rap or two and the bitches love it Im only out for one thing so hate me I aint the one so dont try to fade me I dont wear too much gold because its tacky I bust a Raider hat T-Shirt and Khakis See a lot of hoes in freaky clothes everyday So I talk to em in any ol can I way See a bitch need a nigga to coach em So I grab my dick and smoothly approach em I say hi and Im really kind of pitched If they ignore me then I say Yo freak bitch Give up the number hardly, well have a slumber party You see Ill fuck you to death and then Ill dump the body Cause Im a nigga thats bigga than crew or a gang And when it comes to bitches Im out for only one thang Yo bitch aint nothing but a word to me, $hort Bitch Ass Niggaz (feat. Snoop Dogg, Hitman Six-Two) [Dre] Some good-ass weed! [Snoop Dogg] Check it out Dogg; this game is a motherfuckin trip man Word on the streets Everybody always tryin to run up on me hollerin about word on the street is dis nigga said dis.. Man I dont give a FUCK about what that nigga said man! Thats whats wrong with you niggaz, you niggaz is just like bitches Hoe-ass niggaz, talk too motherfuckin much (speak) Study your own, get your own yahmsayin? Be independent nigga BEOTCH! [Dre] Yeah Snoop] Bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz).. Bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz).. Bitch-ass niggaz (beotch).. [both] BITCH NIGGAZ (bitch niggaz).. [Snoop] Yeah Im talkin about you (beotch).. [Dre] Bitch niggaz [Snoop] and you too (beotch).. [Snoop Dogg] Hmm.. Dogg.. I meet mo bitch niggaz than hoes look here And I really dont know, but thats just how it go (damn) Dogg so many niggaz like to keep up shit And just like a bitch (beotch) niggaz be talkin shit (nigga) Smilin in my face and then they blast me in the back (ka-ka-ka-ka-ka) Niggaz stay strapped from way back, cause payback.. ll make niggaz wanna pop that shit If you aint ready for the game (uh-uh) nigga stop that shit We rock that shit, my nigga Dre, drop that shit (right) No mo talkin, Im walkin and Im poppin the clip Glock on the hip, set-trippin dippin an shit If you act like a bitch (nigga) nigga you get smacked like a bitch [Snoop] Bitch niggaz, bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz) [Dr. Dre] These niggaz dont know what the fuck is goin on Yo Dogg, check it kick back Let me holla at these niggaz for a minute.. Straight off the streets of chaos and no pity The aggravated, makin these punk muhfuckers hate it COMPTON is the city Im from Caint never leave the crib without a murder wea-pon Huh, I caint live my life on broke no mo And most of these fools aint shit but cutthroats They smile in a nigga face and for what? They got the game fucked up, and want my thang fucked up I done learned a lot, seen a whole lot The top notch nigga, Im fiendin for that spot Now peep game on what Six-Deuce told me [Six-Two] These niggaz after yo paper, Dr. D. R. E. (what? ) And these punk-ass hoes is lookin for dough You gotta watch your homeboys, cause a nigga never know Oh, theyll be around, but when yo paper get low Just like Master P said, There Dey Go, There Day Go Bitch niggaz uh-huh [Dr. Dre cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop scheamin, and lookin hard [Audio Two] stop scheamin, and.. an, and.. an-an, and.. and lookin hard [Dr. Dre] Bitch nigga, a bitch nigga Bitch nigga, HELLA bitch nigga Youse a bitch nigga, motherfucker bitch nigga A bitch nigga.. a bitch nigga [Hitman] I know yo type, so much bitch in you, if it was slightly darker lights was little dimmer my dick be stuck up in yo windpipe! Hmm, youd rather blow me than fight, Im from the OLD SCHOOL like Romey Rome homey yo, you owe me the right to slap you, like the bitch that you are, that wanted to cap you every since you was mad doggin me with that bitch in yo car Fool [singing] Who do you think you are? Mr. Big Stuff Man, you shit on Hit, get yo shit bust; plus pistol-whipped, cover it up use yo bitchs blush Mr. Powder Puff yo, bark aint loud enough, huh I know chihuahuas thats mo rah-rah, HA HA I have to laugh Dre, I bet he take bubble baths You dont want no trouble with the Aftermath staff, trust me Doggy Dogg, Diggy Doctor plus me No youse a busta slash hussy, soft as a Hush Puppy Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a bitch nigga! [Dr. Dre cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop scheamin, and lookin hard [Audio Two] stop.. stop.. stop scheamin, and lookin hard .. op-stop.. ah-op-op-stop-sch-sch-scheamin, and lookin hard stop scheamin.. an-an.. an-an.. an-and lookin hard stop scheamin, and lookin hard stop skee-scheamin, and lookin hard stop scheamin, and.. and.. and.. stop scheamin, and lookin hard

The History of Ag essays

The History of Ag essays European farming practices are quite different to that of Aboriginal land management practices. European farming yield produce through the practices of cultivation of crops and the breeding and raising of livestock. This kind of farming was very land intensive and required vast amounts of land. Early settlers in Australia cleared enormous areas of vegetation to create pastoral and farming land. Erosion was a result of overgrazing. It increased the extent of bare areas, so that less rainfall seeped into the soil and grasses did not grow well in the drier soil conditions. In contrast, the Aboriginal people have successfully managed their land for at least 40,000 years. This land provides the primary resources for clothes, food, building materials and all the other items needed for a healthy sustainable life. Traditional aboriginal land use practices in Australia use resources in such a way that they are renewed and not exhausted. Apart from using fire for cooking and warmth, Aborigines used fire when hunting, to flush game out into the open. They also burned vegetation in order to initiate fresh growth of grasses, which served to attract browsing animals to the area, thereby improving their hunting prospects. In some areas burning was used to encourage the growth of important edible plants. Firestick farming created a varied array of neighbouring habitats at different stages of regeneration after fire. By creating belts of firebreaks and of areas low in fuel density, firestick farming lessened the occurrence of disastrous wildfires of the type Australia so often has had to contend with in the last century. Eel-farming occurred in Western Victoria. A large number of stone races, canals, traps and walls were built forming an ingenious, labour-efficient aqua-culture that supported whole villages of stone houses. Similar intensification of food resources occurred in coastal areas where fish trap structures were...

Economic convergence is the concept that poor economies will Assignment

Economic convergence is the concept that poor economies will eventually catch up with the developed countries - Assignment Example Chile is one of the smaller countries in South American region with one of the most vibrant economies in the region. It is termed as an upper middle income country as per the standards of World Bank. It is also considered as most stable and prosperous nations in the region due to its sustained economic performance. It has been argued that the Chile’s government has kept constant policies sustained over the period of almost three decades witnessing reduction in poverty to almost half. This impressive economic performance of the country has resulted into the narrowing of the gap between Chile and other developed countries as accelerated rate of growth has provided Chile much needed convergence to be part of the fastest growing countries. This literature review will provide a review of existing literature on the subject of economic convergence, growth and financial development in Chile. By reviewing the current literature, this review will offer insight into economic convergence of Chile. Macroeconomic Convergence- Theoretical Framework As mentioned above, there are two different concepts of macroeconomic convergence i.e. beta and sigma convergence. Beta convergence signifies convergence through the per capita income and the later is through convergence of cross sectional dispersion of per capita income. In economic growth literature, word convergence is often used to define the initial economic and subsequent growth. (Jones) Two countries exhibit convergence if the poor country with lower levels of income grows faster than the other. This type of convergence is called beta convergence where absolute convergence can be achieved when the per capita incomes actually converge to a steady level of state. Conditional convergence however occurs when the countries have different level of per capita income and it is also experiencing convergence. This also means that each country is actually converging at its own rate and that in the long run all countries will con verge and growth rates will be equalized. Absolute convergence also suggests the conversion of the growth rates of all the economies over the period of time. The convergence debate is mostly based upon two important models of economic growth i.e. Solow’s growth model as well as the endogenous growth theory. Neo-classical literature suggests that an economy starts to converge when the output is constant and the growth rate is zero. When both these variables are witnessed, a country is believed to be entering into an steady state where it starts to achieve convergence with other countries depending upon the fact that with whom country wants to correlate itself. (Papageorgiou and Perez-Sebastian) Economists have actually attempted to explain this concept by assuming two types of economies i.e. if two countries with same rates of investment, savings, depreciation, population growth rates and technological progress, poorer countries will tend to grow faster than the developed or r ich country. There is however a controversy over the growth models regarding the unconditional convergence especially endogenous growth models are believed to be based upon providing decreasing returns or constant returns to per capita capital. This controversy therefore makes it relatively difficult as growth theories predict convergence however; empirical studies do not tend to support this assertion with the data. Neo-classical models have also failed to find any correlation between

How does Harold's article on The Sopranos either complicate or further Essay

How does Harold's article on The Sopranos either complicate or further the arguments put forth in Garrett's text about TV Anti-Heroes and what they represent in our society - Essay Example This argument has been furthered by â€Å"A Man Never Never Land†, this is because the article postulated that the heroes of today have colossal psychological flaw; this is because they have a self-serving lies. They are normally filled with self-pity, venality, sloth, and lust. They are regarded to be self-deceiving and morally blind. Additionally, they are deemed obnoxious, unfaithful, and brash. This is supplements the argument of Garrett which that â€Å"We live in Post-World War II era†. According to Tony Soprano, the issue of morality was white and black; it was compared to Nazis vs. us. The Nazis were rated as bad people. However, in the war of today, the wrangles and conflict are ambiguous, including using torture. â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano† argued that people now have to employ morally unacceptable mechanism of fighting terrorists and the moral ambiguity is engraved in the upcoming anti-hero. Harold further explains that to add to the heroes that were heavily flawed, there are pressure from the prison system, big business, bureaucracy, and the structure of power that is full of bribe in conforming to forces that are not good. Rather they have rebelled against themselves, even if using the trickery a nd dishonesty could be portrayed as heroic. â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano† further argues that there is confidence crisis in the democratic leaders and processes that created a surrounding of nihilistic, disaffected, and cynical hero. This turning point during the Morally Deformed Hero Regime, happened with â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano†, when millions of people loved him. The ruthless sociopath and businessperson became close that the moral boundaries blurred in the regime of the hyper-competitive Darwinism. In the docket, both Nazis and Us failed in effecting the change in

Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Essay Example for Free

Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Essay Training and development refers to the process to obtain or transfer knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) needed to carry out a specific activity or task. It includes not just factual and explicit KSAs but also incorporates KSAs that are often difficult to articulate. Training and development will assist employees in the use of new technologies, and communicate and function better in improvised work systems. In order to meet the current and future challenges, training and development assumes a wide range of learning actions, such as training of the employees and knowledge sharing, which would then expand individual and organizational effectiveness. Thus, this would then allow the organization to fully utilize employee’s tacit and explicit knowledge and expands individual, group and organizational effectiveness. Why is Training and Development Important? Organizations are experiencing great, rapid changes due to new technologies, corporate restructuring, continuous rising competition and globalization. These factors have increased the importance of learning and capitalizing on human capital in order to have a sustained competitive advantage over the competitors. Tracey (2003) defined human capital as ‘the people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. ’ Tracey (2003) also states that human resources refer to the organizational function that ‘deals with the people who manage, produce, market and sell the products and services of an organization. A comprehensive training and development program helps in the consideration of the knowledge, skills and attitudes that are needed to achieve organizational goals and to create a competitive advantage. (Peteraf 1993) Training and development process has assumed a strategic role in organizations. (Stavrou et al. 2004; Apospori et al. 2008). Apospori et al. (2008) had deduced that there is a considerable impact of training on employees’ performance. With the right training and development strategy, rganizations can benefit though enhanced innovation, efficiency, productivity and improvement in the quality of products and services they will be able to provide to their customers. This will yield higher financial gains and it will definitively enhance the organization’s reputation and allow the organization to compete competitively in its industry. Organizations that are consistently and extensively creating new knowledge implements it quickly within its organization through the adoption of new technologies. These activities determine a learning organization, which realize that creation of new knowledge through training and development is becoming the key to success (Vemic, 2007). Training and Development Initiatives: How and why the relationships are expected? Given that human capital play an enormous role in an organization’s competitiveness, training and development initiatives are designed in a way that will help the organization successfully implement its strategy and reach organizational goals. Training is regarded as critical to employee skill acquisition and has been shown to improve productivity at organizational and individual levels (Bartel, 1994). Training and development does increase employment duration and continuity (Gritz, 1993) and managerial advancement. Organization managements have also realized that training and development is an imperative procedure that can contribute to employees’ increased work morale as well as increased motivation and job satisfaction. With an increased motivation and job satisfaction, this would ultimately improve employees’ performance in the organization. Studies have also shown positive relationships between training and development strategies and employees’ performance and work morale (Vemic, 2007). This is especially so as the relationship between the organization and the employee has changed tremendously over the years. There is a greater importance and value attached to employees’ contributions. In today’s society, employees play a key role towards establishing a successful organizational performance. Training and Development has Positive Impacts on Employee’s Work Morale/Motivation Studies have also found that the success of training and evelopment is directly related to the degree of employees’ motivation (Colquitt, LePine and Noe, 2000). This is because employees’ motivation/work-morale is derived from the training and development opportunities, which allow them to enhance their skills and move up the corporate ladder. Employees consider training and development a non-monetary incentive or a form of reward for an employee. (Fischer and Nunn, 1992) In addition, when employees are selected for training and development programs, it increases employees’ post-training organizational commitment, self-efficacy and training motivation. Employees tend to feel a higher job satisfaction and empowerment in their workplace. Thus, the higher the training motivation, the more the employees are willing to participate in future training and development programs and the better the employee’s work morale/motivation becomes (Tharenou, 2001). Training and Development has Positive Impacts on Employees’ Performance Training and development allows organizations to achieve management objectives, resolve issues and align cultures to their mission and values. With training and development, employees learn new skills and knowledge, such as specialized skill training, which not only increase safety and productivity but also leads to improved employees’ performance. Studies have also found that it increases efficiencies in organizational processes and an increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods. In Chart’s (2000) Exploratory Benchmark Survey, 70% of the respondents have agreed that training and development has a positive impact on their work performance and organization’s ability to improve occupancy and overall financial profitability. In addition, well-trained employees are also happier with their jobs and are more likely to stay, hence increasing the retention rate in the organization (Berta, 2001). Theoretical Gap: Training and Development can have Negative Impact on Employees’ Performance and Work Morale However, training and development can also have negative impact on employees’ performances and work morale. In every organization, there are underrepresented groups who have fewer hours of training and development than others. Some are even deprived of training and development opportunities. For example, research has found that women are likely to gain fewer hours per year of training and development than men because they are at lower managerial levels. It could also be due to the fact that mostly female employees are having additional responsibilities from their families. Similarly, those with disabilities and from non-English-speaking backgrounds are found to have less training and development opportunities. Secondly, studies have also suggested that employees who are not selected for training and development programs will feel a high and intense level of deprivation in the organization. When employees are deprived of training and development opportunities, they tend to reflect on the loss and the valence of the outcome. This reflection leads to thoughts about how their outcomes could have been different if they were given the opportunity to participate in the organizations’ training and development programs (Epstude Roese, 2008). This would then lead to the recognition and resentment of this deprivation. Deprived employees will then start evaluating the unfairness and their disadvantaged situation. As a result, it further decreases their intention to participate in future training and development initiatives, as they feel resentful. Therefore, deprived employees may perceive unfairness in the organization’s structure and this will negatively affect and impact on their work performance and work morale/motivation. Lastly, training and development can also have negative impact on employees’ work morale/motivation especially when employees have participated in the training and development courses but there is no sense of self-efficacy in the workplace and employees feel alienation. In this case, employees’ work-morale/motivation is measured at a higher level such as the responsibilities given to the employees, the avoidance of routine tasks and the employees’ participation in organization’s decisions and strategic planning. Instead of feeling motivated after training and development, if the employee is not given the recognition or the desired opportunities to take up distinguished leadership roles in the organization, they become resentful, which will then affect their work morale and result in negative work performance (Pettigrew, 2002). Conclusion Overall, this research takes a step towards better understanding of the extent to how training and development initiatives in an organization can impact on employees’ performance and work morale/motivation. As the global economy becomes increasingly knowledge based, the acquisition and development of human capital has become increasingly essential to firm’s sustainability and success. Organizations often carefully select workers who are willing and eager to participate in training and development initiatives. However, organizations must have a better understanding about what their employees want to learn and improve in (Maxey, 2002). In addition, organizations should also provide equal and fair advancement opportunities to all employees within the organization, regardless of factors such as gender and work experience. Based on the above analysis, future research should focus on employees’ motivation for training and development. This would allow organizations to better identify the various reasons their employees are motivated to attend training and development programs. With a better understanding in this area, organizations can utilize these motivational factors to increase employees’ willingness and desire to participate in training and development programs. As such, this can then improve their work-morale and work performance. In addition, future research should focus on how to establish a fair training and development procedures as these procedures are important cues to employees about their worth within the organization and it also communicates respect and value to their employees (Smith Tyler, 1996).

Church History :: essays research papers fc

Christianity Begins On a late afternoon, in about the year AD 33, two men were walking from Jerusalem to the nearby village of Emmaus. Their conversation centered on events that had occurred the previous week. As they journeyed, a stranger who seemed ignorant of these events joined them. Surprised, they asked him: "Are you the only person staying in Jerusalem not to know what has happened there in the last few days?" So they explained to him about a certain Jesus of Nazareth, "a prophet powerful in speech and action before God and the whole people. Our chief priests and rulers handed him over to the Roman authorities to be sentenced to death, and they crucified him. But we were hoping that he was the man to liberate Israel." Even more amazing, they went on to say, were reports from some women who visited his tomb that he was alive again, raised from the dead. Suddenly the stranger spoke: "How dull-witted you two are! And how slow to believe all that the prophets said. Was not th e messiah bound to suffer thus before entering upon his glory?" Then he went on to clarify from the Hebrew scriptures all the passages that referred to himself. For the stranger was Jesus of Nazareth, of whom the two had been speaking. Based on the life, death and coming to life again of Jesus Christ there has developed the world's largest religion, Christianity. Expectation and Reality The two men on the road to Emmaus were not simple common folk. They were a selected group of twelve followers, called disciples or learners, of Jesus who had known him for at least three years. During this period they had listened to all he said and had witnessed his amazing actions, such as healing the sick, giving sight to the blind and hearing to the deaf and even bringing people back to life. They had become convinced that he was the Messiah who was to redeem Israel. Israel wanted and expected redemption. This small Jewish nation, located in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, had for centuries looked forward to a time when their God would, through some decisive action, free them from outside oppression and establish Israel as the preeminent nation in the world. The word messiah means "the lord's anointed," someone God has set aside for a specific task. Christians believe that Jesus, from the small town of Nazareth in Galilee, was that Messiah.

Pride that Leads to Tragedy

Pride can be a very pernicious quality in a person. This theme is displayed very well by Creon, a character in the book Antigone and also the tragic hero, whose pride led him to a tragic downfall. Sophocles, the author of this Greek drama, encompasses tragedy in most of his plays. As I mentioned before, a bad quality of Creon is his obstinacy. This got in the way of a lot of things, including his family. Creon, the king of Thebes, believed at one point that State comes before family. The reason he said that statement is because he wanted to prevent anarchy and if he were to let only his family break the law, then all the townspeople would get very angry. Letting his condescension blind him, Creon ignored the warning of Tiresias, a blind prophet, and his son Haemon. Following this rebuff, Creon gets a wake-up call from the gods and loses most of his family. Although he went through this cataclysm, he did it with the seemliness he had not previously displayed. He acted so noble because the hardships he went through changed his principles. Creon realizes that family should come before state and that he did not need to let his pride get in the way of his duties as a part of his family. The audience, everyone who read the book in Mrs. Pink s class, at one point probably felt sorry for Creon. He had to deal with so many different adversities that he went from a bad guy persona to a person that deserved sympathy. Even though we may have felt sorry for Creon at one time, he did not deserve too much pity because he could have changed his mind at one point. He had many opportunities to change his mind, including when he talked to Tiresisas, as I stated before. If Creon had rethought his arrogance, his fate wouldn t have been half as bad as it turned out to be. In closing, Creon was an arrogant, conceited person until he experienced the loss of his family. After he lost them, he was changed in every way that he could be, emotionally. Creon was the tragic hero because of the fact that his pride led him to a tragic downfall.

Benefits And Drawbacks Of Love - 1113 Words

For my paper, I’ve decided that I will write about a topic that we’ve learned in class, known as love. According to the website dictionary, Merriam Webster, love is â€Å"a feeling of strong or constant affection for a person.†, or â€Å"attraction that includes sexual desire†, or â€Å"the strong affection felt by people who have a romantic relationship†. However, I don’t believe that it can be so simply defined in a small sentence. What about love of a pet, or of a country or even a brand new car? Their definition is only geared towards other people. In this essay I will discuss the benefits, functions, and the drawbacks of love. I chose love because I feel that of all the topics we’ve covered in class thus far, it is the most important one of them†¦show more content†¦I remember especially my last relationship, where people would say that I was smiling, and laughing a lot more than I usually would when not in a relationshi p. Romantic love is exciting for both parties involved. Even the act of meeting a woman for the next date, or being on the phone with them is fun. They make any activity a lot more enjoyable than it would be alone. Having someone that you can depend on can make the darkest days seem sunny. Love isn’t only fun, but it is functional as well. According to our class textbook, love is responsible for keeping our species alive. Yes, people can have a child without being in love, but love is the reason that a parent would ensure that their child survives. If nobody stuck around to make sure that their offspring was fed and sheltered and loved, their children would die, and our species would not make it. If a person was not loved by anyone on this earth, you can imagine how low the person’s self-esteem would be, and I d imagine suicide would be prevalent. Compare that to a celebrity that is loved by many, and how high their self-esteem would be. I always see the situation on television where the characters say not to mess with the guy who has nothing to lose. It makes sense, that if you have nobody else to live for then yourself, then you can act a lot more reckless. Conversely, in other television shows when a person is about to be executed next to a group of other people, their famous

A Kindergarten Lesson Plan for Teaching Non-Standard Measurement

Class: Kindergarten Duration: One class period Key Vocabulary:Â  measure, length Objectives:Â  Students will use a non-standard measure (paper clips) to measure the length of several objects. Standards Met 1.MD.2. Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by laying multiple copies of a shorter object (the length unit end to end); understand that the length measurement of an object is the number of same-size length units that span it with no gaps or overlaps. Limit to contexts where the object being measured is spanned by a whole number of length units with no gaps or overlaps.​​​ Lesson Introduction Pose this question to students: I want to draw a big picture on this piece of paper. How can I figure out how big this piece of paper is? As students give you ideas, you can write them down on the board to possibly connect their ideas to the lesson of the day. If they are way off in their answers, you can guide them closer by saying things such as, Well, how does your family or the doctor figure out how big you are? Materials One inch paper clipsIndex cardsPieces of 8.5x11 paper for each studentPencilsTransparencyOverhead machine Step-By-Step Procedure Using the transparency, the index cards, and the paper clips, show students how to work end to end to find the length of an object. Place one paper clip next to another, and continue until you have measured the length of the card. Ask students to count out loud with you to find the number of paper clips that represents the length of the index card.Have a volunteer come up to the overhead machine and measure the width of the index card in paper clips. Have the class count out loud again to find the answer.If students don’t have paper clips already, pass them out. Also, pass out one sheet of paper to each student. In pairs or small groups, have them line up the paper clips so that they can measure the length of the piece of paper.Using the overhead and a piece of paper, have a volunteer show what they did to measure the length of the paper in paper clips and have the class count out loud again.Have the students try to measure the width of the paper on their own. Ask students wha t their answers are, and model for them again using the transparency if they arent able to come up with an answer that is close to eight paper clips.Have students list 10 objects in the classroom that they can measure with a partner. Write them on the board, students copy them down.In pairs, students should measure those objects.Compare answers as a class. Some students will be way off in their answer—recheck those as a class and review the end-to-end process of measuring with the paperclips. Homework and Assessment Students can take a small baggie of paperclips home and measure something at home. Or, they can draw a picture of themselves and measure their body in paper clips. Evaluation As students are working independently or in groups, measuring the classroom objects, walk around and see who is needing help with the non-standard measures. After they have had repeated experiences with measurement, choose five random objects in the classroom and have them measure those in small groups so that you can assess their understanding of the concept.

A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare - 919 Words

Relationships are what controls everything in a person’s life. There is even a psychological stage in human development where the average human’s biggest problem is creating relationships. This simple fact of life has been found all throughout media, history, and even daily life. It has been seen especially in plays throughout the world. In â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† by William Shakespeare a marriage between Theseus and Hippolyta is being planned and ends up coinciding with the deadline for Hermia to marry Demetrius, a man she doesn’t love. The marriage has been set up by her father, but she truly loves another man. This other man is Lysander. While Hermia is being fought over, Helena confesses her love of Demetrius although it isn’t reciprocated. And while all of these relationships are being played out and followed, the king and queen of the fairies are having a large fight. This entire play is truly controlled by these different rela tionships. The main relationship that controls the plot is between King Oberon and Queen Titania of the fairies. Their fight is what truly propels the rest of the story on. Queen Titania took this small, Indian boy that they both want, and King Oberon wants him. She refuses and he decides that he wants to have some revenge. He orders Robin Goodfellow, one of his pucks, to find a flower which juice, if sprinkled on a sleeping person’s eyes, will cause them to fall in love with the next person they see. He intends to do this to Titania toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1339 Words   |  6 PagesHonors For A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare 1. Title of the book - The title of the book is called A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare. 2. Author s name - The author of the book A Midsummer Night s Dream is William Shakespeare. 3. The year the piece was written - A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare was believed to have been written between 1590-1596. 4. Major Characters - There are three major characters in the book A Midsummer Night s Dream by WilliamRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1882 Words   |  8 PagesWritten during the Elizabethan era where gender roles played an important part in society and relationships, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare portrays the interaction between both sexes, and the women’s response to the expectation of such norms. Although the characters: Hippolyta, Hermia, Helena, and Titania, are portrayed as objects (both sexual and material) contingent upon their male lovers, they are also given empowerment. During the Elizabethan Era, and present throughout MNDRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1548 Words   |  7 Pagesspoken by Helena in Act 1 Scene 1 line 234, explains that it matters not what the eyes see but what the mind thinks it sees. In the play, A Midsummer Night s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where the act of seeing is being portrayed. The definition of vision is the ability to see, something you imagine or something you dream. This proves that even though one has the ability to see; the mind tends to interfere and sometimes presents a different picture. VariousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream867 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically how they will benefit that other person, you’re in love.† In A Midsummer Night s Dream, William Shakespeare intertwined each individual characters. Through the concept of true love and presented to the audiences a twisted yet romantic love story. The love stories of Renaissance are richly colorful, so Shakespeare used multiple literary techniques to present to the readers a vivid image of true love. Shakespeare applied metaphor in the lines of Lysander. In Act 1, scene 1, Lysander saysRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream990 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Symbols help to play an important part in giving a deeper meaning to a story. William Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream and by using these symbols he offers some insight onto why certain events take place in the play. Symbols are sometimes hard to decipher but as the reader continues to read the symbol’s meaning might become more clear. Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1397 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s comedies, like those of most Renaissance playwrights, involve love and its obstacles. Much of the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream derives from the attempt of Lysander and Hermia to remain together while overcoming the adult authority figure who attempts to hinder the love of a young couple. The overcoming of an obstacle functions as a common motif in Renaissance comedy. The audience must wonder, however, whether Lysander and Hermia, as well as Demetrius and Helena, actually loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream has been categorized as a comedy play because of all the characters being passionately in love to the point of being foolish. It’s a play all about love, and the characters that are in love are only young adults, so they are still naive when it comes to love. Their naivety and foolishness regarding love is what allows them to be taken advantage of by mischievous fairies when they all run away into the woods. By critiquing the love affairs and numerousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1277 Words   |  6 Pagestogether. Nor will love ever be a controllable compulsion. Maybe we are fools for going into the perilous, eccentric universe of love; yet what fun would life be without it? William Shakespeare s play A Midsummer Night s Dream investigates the unconventional, unreasonable and unpredictable nature of love during his time. Shakespeare conveys this through the main plot of the play, which is composed of the relationships between three couples. The three couples show examples of three different types ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1442 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare is estimated to have lived from 1564 to about 1616. He is often recognized as great English poet, actor, and playwright, and paved the way for many on all of those categories. Over that span he wrote many pieces that are still relevant today such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. I would like to take a deeper look into one on his pieces â€Å"A Midsummers Night’s Dream.† This piece is estimated to have first been preformed in about 1595 and then later published in 1600. Many

Late Adulthood and End of Life Paper Free Essays

Late Adulthood and End of Life Paper Late Adulthood and End of Life Paper Throughout a human beings lifespan, an individual experiences many pivotal changes both physically and mentally. Of all of these life stages, none is more difficult a reality as late adulthood. Individuals are given a taste of youth and vitality, and must watch as it is slowly taken away. We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and End of Life Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some cultures, the elderly are treated with respect and care, and in others, the elderly are considered a burden and receive little respect and poor care. How do perceptions of death and dying vary from culture to culture? The ancient Egyptians spent their entire lives preparing for death and the afterlife, but how do other cultures perceive these experiences? To gain a better perspective on late adulthood and the end of life, this paper will provide information on the areas of concern during these life stages such as health and wellness, stereotypes associated with late adulthood, and cultural view of death and dying. Health and wellness in late adulthood As individuals age the human body experiences many physical and mental changes. Aging or senescence represents these changes that the human body goes through which diminishes the body’s capacity to regenerate making it vulnerable to illness and disease (Berger, 2008). According to Berger (2008), â€Å"Gerontologists distinguish between primary aging, the universal changes that occur with senescence, and secondary aging, the consequences of particular diseases† (p. 620). The physical changes associated with aging are typically gradual with noticeable declines in hearing, vision, taste, and smell (Mesa Community College, 1997). In addition to the decline in sensory functions, some elderly individuals experience more prominent health concerns such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and a decrease in lung function. Other more serious health concerns that typically arise in late adulthood are those of cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. Often depression can be a main contributor to failing health as increases in health issues and experiencing the death of family and friends makes one’s own mortality more apparent. Not all individuals in late adulthood suffer from these health ailments. There are numerous lifestyle factors that can contribute to illness, and can be altered to provide an individual with a healthier more active life. There are numerous simple lifestyle changes an individual can make that can assist in his or her health and wellness and also decrease some of the negative effects of aging such as healthier eating habits, exercise, and regular medical checkups. Healthier eating habits involve consuming the proper amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and protein every day. Balanced meals and healthy snacks can increase energy and ward off potential illness and disease. Exercise is also an important factor in contributing to wellness in late adulthood as exercise increases blood flow, builds healthy heart muscle, increases lung functions, and increases mobility. Mobility is often a factor in older adults who become sedentary causing muscles to atrophy and increase the likelihood of blood clots and heart-related problems. Routing medical checkups can also promote health and wellness by monitoring current medical issues and diagnosing new health issues. This allows doctors to diagnose properly and treat illness and disease early. Ageism and stereotypes Ageism refers to prejudice against elderly individuals by the use of stereotypes. According to an article provided by Net Industries (2011), â€Å"Ageism occurs throughout society in varying degrees, in television, advertising, movies, stores, hospitals, and jobs† (p. 62). Society assumes that with the increase of age comes a decrease in faculties, which is an assumption that is not always true. Younger individuals typically hold negative stereotypes regarding elderly people (Net Industries, 2011). Often older individuals are considered to be slower, more costly, and less adaptable to change than younger individuals making tasks such as finding employment and receiving equal treatment difficult. According to an article provided by Net Industries (2011), â€Å"Studies consistently demonstrate that there is no correlation between age and job performance, despite the common stereotype that productivity declines with age. Indeed, research reveals that some intellectual functions may even improve with age† (p. 62). Often older adults are treated as children by society making assumptions of their abilities and mental functioning. Viewpoints of death and dying Death at any stage in life is personal and holds different meanings to different people. Society places a great deal of meaning on death based upon age, situation, and their personal experiences and beliefs. The viewpoints of death and dying in early childhood are limited; however, children have a basic understanding of death by the age of two through their own observations of family members (Berger, 2008). Children who are dying often fear death as they do not have a fully developed concept of dying and associate death with abandonment (Berger, 2008). At this life stage, it is important to have guidance from his or her parents to gain a better understanding of death and dying. Death and dying in adolescence is often a second thought as adolescents in this life stage place less value on life and ore often reckless and irresponsible with their lives and the lives of others. A different viewpoint of death and dying is seen in adulthood as the reality of their own mortality is acknowledged and the lives of their family members. Typically adults do not fear death because of maturity and knowledge of death. The fear and concern is for leaving unfinished business such as raising their children. Anxiety builds in adults regarding death as they come to the realization of their age and becoming closer to death as they continue to age. Adults have established a healthy respect for life and the tragedy of death. In late adulthood, older adults have the least anxiety about death and dying as they are aware of and accept their mortality and often have an established spiritual belief of an afterlife after their mortal death. Often death is associated with relief when an older adult has a serious illness or a great deal of physical pain or failing mental health. Cultural attitudes towards death and dying Attitudes toward death and dying are often different based upon cultural and religious differences. Some cultures base their feelings toward death on spiritual beliefs whereas other cultures believe in a higher power and a promised eternity. In Buddhism, death is just a process in which an individual must endure to be reborn (Berger, 2008). Buddhists do not dear dying but believe that it brings peace and enlightenment. In Hinduism, death is also a process of new life. Death involves the entire family preparing for their loved one and bear witness the individual’s descent to rebirth. In Judaism, little significance is placed on the physical body of an individual. Individuals are buried within one day after death, and the individual is mourned by family and friends together at home for one-week (Berger, 2008). Jewish individuals believe in the celebration of life more than that of death. Christianity and Islam are very similar in beliefs as death is considered merely the means of their mortal lives ending and their eternal life beginning whether it is heaven or hell. Death in Christianity and the Islamic faith can be good or bad depending on the individual’s devotion and faith in God. All individuals regardless of culture or religion hope for death without pain that comes quickly after living a long life in the company of family and friends (Burgess, 2008). Conclusion Late adulthood is a period in an individual’s life span that creates physical and emotional difficulties. Illness and disease cause serious health issues that can affect an individual’s quality of life; however, healthy eating habits, exercise, and proper medical care can assist in improving and increasing an individual’s life. Death is an inevitable part of life that everyone must face. When that time comes, death can be a peaceful release from pain or a journey to spiritual enlightenment. References Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span. (7th ed. ). New York: Worth Publishers. Mesa Community College. (1997). The developmental psychology newsletter: Late adulthood. Retrieved from: http://www. mesacc. edu. Net Industries. (2011). Ageism – Stereotypes about age and older persons. p. 62. Retrieved from: a href=†http://medicine. jrank. org/pages/57/Ageism-Stereotypes-about-age-older-persons. html†Ageism – Stereotypes About Age And Older Persons/a How to cite Late Adulthood and End of Life Paper, Essays

Break Up Of Soviet Union Essay Research free essay sample

Break Up Of Soviet Union Essay, Research Paper The Breakup of The Soviet Union In this essay I am traveling to speak about the dissolution of the Soviet Union and all of the events that took topographic point before, during, and after the split up. I will look into the C.I.S ( Commonwealth of Independent States ) , the Government, economic system and the struggles of the former U.S.S.R. In July of 1991, President Mikhail Gorbachev and ten other Repulic leaders all met and signed a pact giving each Republic more self-government. Five more leaders were to subscribe the pact on August 20, but on the 19th of the month Communist leaders, led by Boris Yeltsin planned a putsch against Gorbachev # 8217 ; s Government. They trapped him and his household in their holiday place but he refused to give in to the demands. While this was traveling on, dissenters held presentations and work stoppages broke out all over the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Break Up Of Soviet Union Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Commuist party was suspended in many democracies, including the Russian Federation. A few yearss after the putsch, Gorbacev resigned from the party leading. In September 1991 an interim authorities was set up until a new pact could be worked out. This authorities included Gorbachev and the leaders of the other Republics. On December 8th Russia proclaimed itself the Soviet Union # 8217 ; s replacement. Boris Yeltsin and the Presidents of Ukraine and Belarus announced the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States and that the U.S.S.R had no longer existed. The Commonwealth of Independent States was an association of states that were once democracies of the Soviet Union. They encouraged all others to fall in with them. On December 21, eleven democracies joined, Armenia, Belarus. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Moldova, Russia, Taj istan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Georgia became a member in 1993. The central offices were located in Minsk, Belarus. Merely three democracies have yet to fall in, they are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The C.I.S was created for several grounds, the economic systems of the former democracies were closely linked and most members wanted to maintain some economic ties, each member besides wanted to vouch its ain district and Sovereinty, the members besides sought to reassure the universe that the atomic arms of the former Soviet Union were under dependable control. The C.I.S was created to assist out new and underdeveloped states. Although everything seemed to be all right, they did challenge some affairs, they originally merely wanted to hold one military between all democracies but it was changed and each had its ain, Russia and Ukraine argued over who owned the Black Sea Fleet, another job was that most of the members wanted to alter the currency from the Ruble so each had to make its ain. Russia seemed to see the C.I.S as a lasting solution while others feared that if it stayed that manner Russia would take over the C.I.S and utilize that to command all the other democracies. By the terminal of 1991 the former democracies were all in a awful province. There was a monolithic and turning debt that would hold to be dealt with, Inflation was already one hundred to two hundred per centum and turning, there was a deficit of grains, medical supplies and power. There was besides the hazard that there would be dissensions over the boundary lines and that could take to more jobs. The Soviet peoples were left to confront the great undertaking of constructing a new political and economical order, a procedure certain to convey more struggles to be faced and hopefully get the better of.

International Trade and Globalization Essay Example

International Trade and Globalization Essay PART 1 GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER ONE Globalization Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to 1. Describe the process of globalization and how it affects markets and production. 2. Identify the two forces causing globalization to increase. 3. Summarize the evidence for each main argument in the globalization debate. 4. Identify the types of companies that participate in international business. 5. Describe the global business environment and identify its four main elements. A LOOK AT THIS CHAPTER This chapter de? es the scope of international business and introduces us to some of its most important topics. We begin by presenting globalization—describing its in? uence on markets and production and the forces behind its growth. Each main argument in the debate over globalization is also analyzed in detail. We then identify the key players in international business today. This chapter closes with a model that depicts international business as occurring within an integrated global business environment. A LOOK AHEAD Part 2, encompassing Chapters 2, 3, and 4, introduces us to different national business environments. Chapter 2 describes important cultural differences among nations. Chapter 3 examines different political and legal systems. And Chapter 4 presents the world’s various economic systems and issues surrounding economic development. 24 Emirates’ Global Impact DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The Emirates Group, founded in 1985 and headquartered in Dubai, is one of the world’s leading commercial air transportation service providers. Emirates has built up a strong brand name as a leader in the aviation industry, particularly in terms of its excellent customer service and its very rapid growth. It provides passenger, cargo, and postal carriage services to approximately 100 destinations worldwide. The company is also involved in the wholesale and retail of consumer goods, in-? ight and institutional catering, holiday services, and hotel operations in Europe, the Middle East, the Far East, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and North America. The Group’s operations are global in many ways. Emirates is renowned for its excellent customer service, but how does it attract new customers and keep current customers happy when it operates worldwide in many different countries and cultures? We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The answer is that global customers need global services too. If you visit Emirates’ Web site (see www. emirates. com) you will see it has multi-language booking services, customized in-? ight entertainment and provides international food and drink during the ? ight. Furthermore, Emirates Group employs about 50,000 people, and it’s interesting to note that its cabin crew is highly diverse in terms of nationality, religion, and languages. In fact, the group operates a global recruitment process, and its staff, from cabin crew to engineers, comes from all over the world. As you read this chapter, consider how globalization is reshaping our personal lives and altering the activities of international companies. 1 Source:  © Mccarthystudio/ Dreamstime. 25 26 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT G lobalization is reshaping our lives and leading us into uncharted territory. As new technologies drive down the cost of global communication and travel, we are increasingly exposed to the traits and practices of other cultures. As countries reduce barriers to trade and investment, globalization forces their industries to grow more competitive if they are to survive. And as ultinationals from advanced countries and emerging markets seek out customers, competition intensifies on a global scale. These new realities of international business are altering our cultures and transforming the way companies do business. International Business Involves Us All The dynamic nature of international business affects each of us personally. In our daily communications, w e encounter terms such as outsourcing, emerging markets, competitive advantage, sustainability, and social responsibility. And each of us experiences the result of dozens of international transactions every day. The General Electric alarm clock/radio (www. ge. com) that woke you was likely made in China. The breaking news buzzing in your ears was produced by Britain’s BBC radio (www. bbc. co. uk). You slip on your Adidas sandals (www. adidas. com) made in Indonesia, Abercrombie Fitch T-shirt (www. abercrombie. com) made in the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Eagle jeans (www. ae. com) made in Mexico. You pull the charger off your Nokia phone (www. nokia. com), which was designed in Finland and manufactured in the United States with parts from Taiwan, and head out the door. You hop into your Korean Hyundai (www. hmmausa. com) that was made in Alabama, and pop in a CD performed by the English band Coldplay (www. coldplay. com). You swing by the local Starbucks (www. starbucks. com) to charge your own batteries with coffee brewed from a blend of beans harvested in Colombia and Ethiopia. Your day is just one hour old, but in a way you’ve already taken a virtual trip around the world. A quick glance at the â€Å"Made in† tags on your jacket, backpack, watch, wallet, or other items with you right now will demonstrate the pervasiveness of international business transactions. International business is any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. You don’t have to set foot outside a small town to ? nd evidence of international business. No matter where you live, you’ll be surrounded by imports—goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. Your counterparts around the world will undoubtedly spend some part of their day using your nation’s exports—goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. Every year, all the nations of the world export goods and services worth nearly $15 trillion. That ? ure is around 40 times the annual global revenue of Wal-Mart Stores (www. walmart. com). international business Commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. imports Goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. exports Goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. Technology Makes It Possible Technology is perhaps the mo st remarkable facilitator of societal and commercial changes today. Consumers use technology to reach out to the world on the Internet—gathering and sending information and purchasing all kinds of goods and services. Companies use technology to acquire materials and products from distant lands and to sell goods and services abroad. When businesses or consumers use technology to conduct transactions, they engage in e-business (e-commerce)—the use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. E-business is making it easier for companies to make their products abroad, not simply import and export ? nished goods. Consider how Hewlett-Packard (HP) (www. hp. com) designed and built a computer server for small businesses. Once HP identi? d the need for a new low-cost computer server, it seized the rewards of globalization. HP dispersed its design and production activities throughout a specialized manufacturing system across ? ve Paci? c Rim nations and India. This helped the company minimize labor costs, taxes, and shipping delays yet maximize productivity when designing, building, and distributing its new product. Companies use su ch innovative production and distribution techniques to squeeze inef? ciencies out of their international operations and boost their competitiveness. e-business (e-commerce) Use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 27 Workers at a factory in Indonesia inspect electronic parts bound for global markets. Today, companies can go almost anywhere in the world to tap into local expertise and favorable business climates. For example, U. S. businesses exploit technology by subcontracting work to Chinese companies that write computer software code and then e-mail their end-product to the U. S. clients. In this way, companies can lower costs, increase ef? ciency, and grow more competitive. In what other ways might technology and global talent facilitate international business activity? Source: AFP Photo/Bob Low/Newscom. Global Talent Makes It Happen Media companies today commonly engage in a practice best described as a global relay race. Fox and NBC Universal created Hulu (www. hulu. com), one competitor of YouTube, as a cool venue for fans to watch TV shows online. Hulu employs two technical teams—one in the United States and one in China—to manage its Web site. Members of the team in Santa Monica, California, work late into the night detailing code speci? cations that it sends to the team in Beijing, China. The Chinese team then writes the code and sends it back to Santa Monica before the U. S. team gets to work in the morning. 2 Some innovative companies use online competitions to tap global talent. InnoCentive (www. innocentive. com) connects companies and institutions seeking solutions to difficult problems using a global network of more than 145,000 creative thinkers. These engineers, scientists, inventors, and businesspeople with expertise in life sciences, engineering, chemistry, math, computer science, and entrepreneurship compete to solve some of the world’s toughest problems in return for significant financial awards. InnoCentive is open to anyone, is available in seven languages, and pays cash awards that range from as little as $2,000 to as much as $1 million. 3 This chapter begins by presenting globalization—we describe its powerful in? uence on markets and production and explain the forces behind its expansion. Following coverage of each main point in the debate over globalization, we examine the key players in international business. We then explain why international business is special by presenting the dynamic, integrated global business environment. Finally, the appendix at the end of this chapter contains a world atlas to be used as a primer for this chapter’s discussion and as a reference throughout the remainder of the book. Quick Study 1. De? ne the term international business, and explain how it affects each of us. 2. What do we mean by the terms imports and exports? 3. Explain how e-business (e-commerce) is affecting international business. 28 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Globalization globalization Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Although nations historically retained absolute control over the products, people, and capital crossing their borders, economies are becoming increasingly intertwined. Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer ? w of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders. As its de? nition implies, globalization involves much more than the expansion of trade and investment among nations. Globalization embraces concepts and theories from political science, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy as well as economics. As such, it is not a term exclusively reserved for multinational corpora tions and international ? nancial institutions. Nor is globalization the exclusive domain of those with only altruistic or moral intentions. In fact, globalization has been described as going â€Å"well beyond the links that bind corporations, traders, ? nanciers, and central bankers. It provides a conduit not only for ideas but also for processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists, politicians, religious leaders, anti-globalization activists, and bureaucrats alike. †4 For our purposes, this discussion focuses on the business implications of globalization. Two areas of business in which globalization is having profound effects are the globalization of markets and production. Globalization of Markets Globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world. This trend is occurring in many product categories, including consumer goods, industrial products, and business services. Clothing retailer L. L. Bean (www. llbean. com), shoe producer Nike (www. nike. com), and electronics maker Sony (www. sony. com) are just a few companies that sell global products—products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes. For example, Apple’s iPad qualifies as a global product because of its highly standardized features and the company’s global marketing strategy and global brand. Global products and global competition characterize many industries and markets, including semiconductors (Intel, Philips), aircraft (Airbus, Boeing), construction equipment (Caterpillar, Mitsubishi), autos (Honda, Volkswagen), ? nancial services (Citicorp, HSBC), air travel (Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines), accounting services (Ernst Young, KPM G), consumer goods (Procter Gamble, Unilever), and fast food (KFC, McDonald’s). The globalization of markets is important to international business because of the bene? ts it offers companies. Let’s now look brie? y at each of these bene? s. REDUCES MARKETING COSTS Companies that sell global products can reduce costs by standardizing certain marketing activities. A company selling a global consumer good, such as shampoo, can make an identical product for the global market and then simply design different packaging to account for the language spoken in each market. Companies can achieve further cost savings by keeping an ad’s visual component the same for all markets but dubbing TV ads and translating print ads into local languages. CREATES NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES A company that sells a global product can explore pportunities abroad if the home market is small or becomes saturated. For example, China holds enormous potential for e-business with more than 400 mi llion Internet users, which is greater than the population of the entire United States. But while more than 70 percent of people in the United States actively surf the Web, just 30 percent of people in China do. So, the battle for market share in the Middle Kingdom is raging between the top two online search engines— Google (www. google. cn) and Yahoo! (www. cn. yahoo. com). Seeking sales growth abroad can be absolutely essential for an entrepreneur or small company that sells a global product but has a limited home market. CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 29 Ecstatic customers display their new iPads in Mexico City. The iPad is Apple’s (www. apple. com) ? rst tablet computer and a global success that excites style-lovers the world over. The iPad lets users surf the Web, write e-mail, ? ip through photos, and watch movies—all on a device that is only 0. 5 inches thick. Thousands of applications expand the iPad’s capabilities even further and more are creat ed daily. Apple standardized the iPad to reduce production and marketing costs and to support its powerful global brand. Source: STR/Newscom. LEVELS UNEVEN INCOME STREAMS A company that sells a product with universal, but sea- sonal, appeal can use international sales to level its income stream. By supplementing domestic sales with international sales, the company can reduce or eliminate wide variations in sales between seasons and steady its cash ? ow. For example, a ? rm that produces suntan and sunblock lotions can match product distribution with the summer seasons in the northern and outhern hemispheres in alternating fashion—thereby steadying its income from these global, yet highly seasonal, products. YET LOCAL NEEDS ARE IMPORTANT Despite the potential bene? ts of global markets, managers must constantly monitor the match between the ? rm’s products and markets to not overlook the needs of buyers. The bene? t of serving customers with an adapted product may outweigh the ben e? t of a standardized one. For instance, soft drinks, fast food, and other consumer goods are global products that continue to penetrate markets around the world. But sometimes these products require small modi? cations to better suit local tastes. In southern Japan, Coca-Cola (www. cocacola. com) sweetens its traditional formula to compete with sweeter-tasting Pepsi (www. pepsi. com). In India, where cows are sacred and the consumption of beef is taboo, McDonald’s (www. mcdonalds. com) markets the â€Å"Maharaja Mac†Ã¢â‚¬â€two all-mutton patties on a sesame-seed bun with all the usual toppings. Globalization of Production Many production activities are also becoming global. Globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services. Let’s now explore the bene? ts that companies obtain from the globalization of production. ACCESS LOWER-COST WORKERS Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost 30 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Although most services must be produced where they are consumed, some services can be performed at remote locations where labor costs are lower. Many European and U. S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent. ACCESS TECHNICAL EXPERTISE Companies also produce goods and services abroad to bene? t from technical know-how. Film Roman (www.? lmroman. com) produces the TV series The Simpsons, but it provides key poses and step-by-step frame directions to AKOM Production Company (www. akomkorea. com) in Seoul, South Korea. AKOM then ? lls in the remaining poses and links them into an animated whole. But there are bumps along the way, says animation director Mark Kirkland. In one middle-of-the-night phone call, Kirkland was explaining to the Koreans how to draw a shooting gun. They don’t allow guns in Korea; it’s against the law,† says Kirkland. â€Å"So they were calling me [asking]: ‘How does a gun work? ’† Kirkland and others put up with such cultural differences and phone calls at odd hours to tap a highly quali? ed pool of South Korean animators. 7 ACCESS PRODUCTION INPUTS Globalization of production allows companies to access re- sources that are unav ailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets. Japan, for example, is a small, densely populated GLOBAL CHALLENGES Managing Security in the Age of Globalization n a lawsuit. The damaged reputation of Goldman Sachs following its $550 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (for its actions before and during the ? nancial meltdown on Wall Street) is estimated to have cost the ? rm nearly 40 percent ($6 billion) of its brand value in one year. †¢ The Challenge. Like the risks themselves, the challenges are also varied. First, companies should identify all potential risks to their facilities and develop a bestpractice property risk program. Second, employees should change passwords often, guard computers and mobile devices ith software patches, and return company-owned digital devices when leaving the ? rm. Third, as they come under ever-increasing scrutiny, companies should act ethically and w ithin the law to protect their reputations. †¢ Want to Know More? Visit leading risk consultancy Kroll (www. krollworldwide. com), leading Internet security ? rm Check Point Software Technologies (www. checkpoint. com), and Internet security agency CERT Coordination Center (www. cert. org). Sources: Douglas McIntyre, â€Å"The 10 Biggest Brand Disasters of 2010,† Daily Finance Web site (www. daily? nance. om), July 21, 2010; Erik Schatzker and Christine Harper, â€Å"Goldman Could Have Managed Reputational Risks Better, Cohn Says,† Bloomberg Businessweek (www. businessweek. com), July 1, 2010; The Risk/Earnings Ratio: New Perspectives for Achieving Bottom-Line Stabililty (Johnston, RI; FM Global, June 2010); An Introduction to the Business Model for Information Security (Rolling Meadows, IL: ISACA, 2009). The globalization of markets and production creates new challenges for companies. As well as the need to secure lengthy supply chains and distribution channels, companies must secure their facilities, information systems, and reputations. Facilities Risk. Careful planning and facilities assessment (around $12,000 for a midsized company; $1 million for a large ? rm) can be well worth the cost. Large companies with top-notch property risk management programs are said to produce more stable earnings. And companies practicing weak risk management experience 55 times greater risk of property loss due to ? re and 29 times greater risk of property loss caused by natural hazards. †¢ Information Risk. Computer viruses, software worms, malicious code, and cyber criminals cost companies around the world many billions of dollars each year. The usual suspects include disgruntled employees and dishonest competitors, but often are hackers who steal customers’ personal and ? nancial data that is then sold worldwide to the highest bidder. Upon quitting their jobs, some employees simply walk away with digital devices containing con? dential memos, competitive data, and private e-mails. †¢ Reputational Risk. News regarding the actions of today’s largest corporations spreads worldwide quickly. Reputational risk is anything that can harm a ? rm’s image, including accounting irregularities, product recalls, workers’ rights violations, and involvement CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 31 island nation with very few natural resources of its own—especially forests. But Japan’s largest paper company, Nippon Seishi, does more than simply import wood pulp. The company owns huge forests and corresponding processing facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United States. This gives the ? rm not only access to an essential resource but also control over earlier stages in the papermaking process. As a result, the company is guaranteed a steady ? ow of its key ingredient (wood pulp) that is less subject to swings in prices and supply associated with buying pulp on the open market. Likewise, to access cheaper energy resources used in manufacturing, a variety of Japanese ? rms are relocating production to China and Vietnam, where energy costs are lower. Despite its bene? ts, globalization also creates new risks and accentuates old ones for companies. To read about several key risks that globalization heightens and how companies can better manage them, see this chapter’s Global Challenges feature, titled â€Å"Managing Security in the Age of Globalization. † Quick Study 1. De? ne globalization. How does denationalization differ from internationalization? . List each bene? t a company might obtain from the globalization of markets. 3. How might a company bene? t from the globalization of production? Forces Driving Globalization Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production: falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation. These two features, more than anything else, are increasing competition among nations by leveling the global business playing field. Greater competition is simultaneously driving companies worldwide into more direct confrontation and cooperation. Local industries once isolated by time and distance are increasingly accessible to large international companies based many thousands of miles away. Some small and medium-sized local firms are compelled to cooperate with one another or with larger international firms to remain competitive. Other local businesses revitalize themselves in a bold attempt to survive the competitive onslaught. And on a global scale, consolidation is occurring in many industries as former competitors link up to challenge others on a worldwide basis. Let’s now explore in greater detail the pivotal roles of the two forces driving globalization. Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment In 1947, political leaders of 23 nations (12 developed and 11 developing economies) made history when they created the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—a treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. Tariffs are essentially taxes levied on traded goods, and nontariff barriers are limits on the quantity of an imported product. The treaty was successful in its early years. After four decades, world merchandise trade had grown 20 times larger, and average tariffs had fallen from 40 percent to 5 percent. Signi? cant progress occurred again with a 1994 revision of the GATT treaty. Nations that had signed on to the treaty further reduced average tariffs on merchandise trade and lowered subsidies (government ? nancial support) for agricultural products. The treaty’s revision also clearly de? ned intellectual property rights—giving protection to copyrights (including computer programs, databases, sound recordings, and ? ms), trademarks and service marks, and patents (including trade secrets and know-how). A major ? aw of the original GATT was that it lacked the power to enforce world trade rules. Likely the greatest accomplishment of the 1994 revision was the creation of the World Trade Organization. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization that enforces the rules of international trade. The three main goals of the WTO (www. wto. org) are to help the free ? ow of trade, help negotiate the further opening of markets, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. World Trade Organization (WTO) International organization that enforces the rules of international trade. 32 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT and settle trade disputes among its members. It is the power of the WTO to settle trade disputes that really sets it apart from its predecessor, the GATT. The various WTO agreements are essentially contracts between member nations that commit them to maintaining fair and open trade policies. Offenders must realign their trade policies according to WTO guidelines or face ? es and, perhaps, trade sanctions (penalties). Because of its ability to penalize offending nations, the WTO’s dispute settlement system truly is the spine of the global trading system. The WTO replaced the institution of GATT but absorbed all of the former GATT agreements. Thus, the GATT institution no longer of? cially exists. Today, the WTO recognize s 153 members and 30 â€Å"observer† members. The WTO launched a new round of negotiations in Doha, Qatar, in late 2001. The renewed negotiations were designed to lower trade barriers further and to help poor nations in particular. Agricultural subsidies that rich countries pay to their own farmers are worth $1 billion per day— more than six times the value of their combined aid budgets to poor nations. Because 70 percent of poor nations’ exports are agricultural products and textiles, wealthy nations had intended to further open these and other labor-intensive industries. Poor nations were encouraged to reduce tariffs among themselves and were to receive help in integrating themselves into the global trading system. Although the Doha round was to conclude by the end of 2004, negotiations are proceeding more slowly than was anticipated. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS In addition to the WTO, smaller groups of nations are integrat- ing their economies as never before by fostering trade and boosting cross-border investment. For example, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) gathers three nations (Canada, Mexico, and the United States) into a free-trade bloc. The more ambitious European Union (EU ) combines 27 countries. The Asia Paci? c Economic Cooperation (APEC) consists of 21 member economies committed to creating a free-trade zone around the Paci? c. The aims of each of these smaller trade pacts are similar to those of the WTO but are regional in nature. Moreover, some nations are placing greater emphasis on regional pacts because of resistance to worldwide trade agreements. TRADE AND NATIONAL OUTPUT Together, the WTO agreements and regional pacts have gross domestic product (GDP) Value of all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period. gross national product (GNP) Value of all goods and services produced by a country’s domestic and international activities over a one-year period. boosted world trade and cross-border investment signi? cantly. Trade theory tells us that openness to trade helps a nation to produce a greater amount of output. Map 1. 1 illustrates that growth in national output over a recent 10-year period is signi? cantly positive. Economic growth is greater in nations that have recently become more open to trade, such as China, India, and Russia, than it is in many other countries. Much of South America is also growing rapidly, while Africa’s experience is mixed. Let’s take a moment in our discussion to define a few terms that we will encounter time and again throughout this book. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period. GDP excludes a nation’s income generated from exports, imports, and the international operations of its companies. We can speak in terms of world GDP when we sum all individual nations’ GDP figures. GDP is a somewhat narrower figure than gross national product (GNP)—the value of all goods and services produced by a country’s domestic and international activities over a one-year period. A country’s GDP or GNP per capita is simply its GDP or GNP divided by its population. GDP or GNP per capita Nation’s GDP or GNP divided by its population. Technological Innovation Although falling barriers to trade and investment encourage globalization, technological innovation is accelerating its pace. Signi? cant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Let’s examine several innovations that have had a considerable impact on globalization. E-MAIL AND VIDEOCONFERENCING Operating across borders and time zones complicates the job of coordinating and controlling business activities. But technology can speed the ? w of information and ease the tasks of coordination and control. Electronic mail (e-mail) is an CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 33 indispensable tool that managers use to stay in contact with international operations an