International Trade and Globalization Essay Example

International Trade and Globalization Essay PART 1 GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER ONE Globalization Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to 1. Describe the process of globalization and how it affects markets and production. 2. Identify the two forces causing globalization to increase. 3. Summarize the evidence for each main argument in the globalization debate. 4. Identify the types of companies that participate in international business. 5. Describe the global business environment and identify its four main elements. A LOOK AT THIS CHAPTER This chapter de? es the scope of international business and introduces us to some of its most important topics. We begin by presenting globalization—describing its in? uence on markets and production and the forces behind its growth. Each main argument in the debate over globalization is also analyzed in detail. We then identify the key players in international business today. This chapter closes with a model that depicts international business as occurring within an integrated global business environment. A LOOK AHEAD Part 2, encompassing Chapters 2, 3, and 4, introduces us to different national business environments. Chapter 2 describes important cultural differences among nations. Chapter 3 examines different political and legal systems. And Chapter 4 presents the world’s various economic systems and issues surrounding economic development. 24 Emirates’ Global Impact DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The Emirates Group, founded in 1985 and headquartered in Dubai, is one of the world’s leading commercial air transportation service providers. Emirates has built up a strong brand name as a leader in the aviation industry, particularly in terms of its excellent customer service and its very rapid growth. It provides passenger, cargo, and postal carriage services to approximately 100 destinations worldwide. The company is also involved in the wholesale and retail of consumer goods, in-? ight and institutional catering, holiday services, and hotel operations in Europe, the Middle East, the Far East, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and North America. The Group’s operations are global in many ways. Emirates is renowned for its excellent customer service, but how does it attract new customers and keep current customers happy when it operates worldwide in many different countries and cultures? We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The answer is that global customers need global services too. If you visit Emirates’ Web site (see www. emirates. com) you will see it has multi-language booking services, customized in-? ight entertainment and provides international food and drink during the ? ight. Furthermore, Emirates Group employs about 50,000 people, and it’s interesting to note that its cabin crew is highly diverse in terms of nationality, religion, and languages. In fact, the group operates a global recruitment process, and its staff, from cabin crew to engineers, comes from all over the world. As you read this chapter, consider how globalization is reshaping our personal lives and altering the activities of international companies. 1 Source:  © Mccarthystudio/ Dreamstime. 25 26 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT G lobalization is reshaping our lives and leading us into uncharted territory. As new technologies drive down the cost of global communication and travel, we are increasingly exposed to the traits and practices of other cultures. As countries reduce barriers to trade and investment, globalization forces their industries to grow more competitive if they are to survive. And as ultinationals from advanced countries and emerging markets seek out customers, competition intensifies on a global scale. These new realities of international business are altering our cultures and transforming the way companies do business. International Business Involves Us All The dynamic nature of international business affects each of us personally. In our daily communications, w e encounter terms such as outsourcing, emerging markets, competitive advantage, sustainability, and social responsibility. And each of us experiences the result of dozens of international transactions every day. The General Electric alarm clock/radio (www. ge. com) that woke you was likely made in China. The breaking news buzzing in your ears was produced by Britain’s BBC radio (www. bbc. co. uk). You slip on your Adidas sandals (www. adidas. com) made in Indonesia, Abercrombie Fitch T-shirt (www. abercrombie. com) made in the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Eagle jeans (www. ae. com) made in Mexico. You pull the charger off your Nokia phone (www. nokia. com), which was designed in Finland and manufactured in the United States with parts from Taiwan, and head out the door. You hop into your Korean Hyundai (www. hmmausa. com) that was made in Alabama, and pop in a CD performed by the English band Coldplay (www. coldplay. com). You swing by the local Starbucks (www. starbucks. com) to charge your own batteries with coffee brewed from a blend of beans harvested in Colombia and Ethiopia. Your day is just one hour old, but in a way you’ve already taken a virtual trip around the world. A quick glance at the â€Å"Made in† tags on your jacket, backpack, watch, wallet, or other items with you right now will demonstrate the pervasiveness of international business transactions. International business is any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. You don’t have to set foot outside a small town to ? nd evidence of international business. No matter where you live, you’ll be surrounded by imports—goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. Your counterparts around the world will undoubtedly spend some part of their day using your nation’s exports—goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. Every year, all the nations of the world export goods and services worth nearly $15 trillion. That ? ure is around 40 times the annual global revenue of Wal-Mart Stores (www. walmart. com). international business Commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. imports Goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. exports Goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. Technology Makes It Possible Technology is perhaps the mo st remarkable facilitator of societal and commercial changes today. Consumers use technology to reach out to the world on the Internet—gathering and sending information and purchasing all kinds of goods and services. Companies use technology to acquire materials and products from distant lands and to sell goods and services abroad. When businesses or consumers use technology to conduct transactions, they engage in e-business (e-commerce)—the use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. E-business is making it easier for companies to make their products abroad, not simply import and export ? nished goods. Consider how Hewlett-Packard (HP) (www. hp. com) designed and built a computer server for small businesses. Once HP identi? d the need for a new low-cost computer server, it seized the rewards of globalization. HP dispersed its design and production activities throughout a specialized manufacturing system across ? ve Paci? c Rim nations and India. This helped the company minimize labor costs, taxes, and shipping delays yet maximize productivity when designing, building, and distributing its new product. Companies use su ch innovative production and distribution techniques to squeeze inef? ciencies out of their international operations and boost their competitiveness. e-business (e-commerce) Use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 27 Workers at a factory in Indonesia inspect electronic parts bound for global markets. Today, companies can go almost anywhere in the world to tap into local expertise and favorable business climates. For example, U. S. businesses exploit technology by subcontracting work to Chinese companies that write computer software code and then e-mail their end-product to the U. S. clients. In this way, companies can lower costs, increase ef? ciency, and grow more competitive. In what other ways might technology and global talent facilitate international business activity? Source: AFP Photo/Bob Low/Newscom. Global Talent Makes It Happen Media companies today commonly engage in a practice best described as a global relay race. Fox and NBC Universal created Hulu (www. hulu. com), one competitor of YouTube, as a cool venue for fans to watch TV shows online. Hulu employs two technical teams—one in the United States and one in China—to manage its Web site. Members of the team in Santa Monica, California, work late into the night detailing code speci? cations that it sends to the team in Beijing, China. The Chinese team then writes the code and sends it back to Santa Monica before the U. S. team gets to work in the morning. 2 Some innovative companies use online competitions to tap global talent. InnoCentive (www. innocentive. com) connects companies and institutions seeking solutions to difficult problems using a global network of more than 145,000 creative thinkers. These engineers, scientists, inventors, and businesspeople with expertise in life sciences, engineering, chemistry, math, computer science, and entrepreneurship compete to solve some of the world’s toughest problems in return for significant financial awards. InnoCentive is open to anyone, is available in seven languages, and pays cash awards that range from as little as $2,000 to as much as $1 million. 3 This chapter begins by presenting globalization—we describe its powerful in? uence on markets and production and explain the forces behind its expansion. Following coverage of each main point in the debate over globalization, we examine the key players in international business. We then explain why international business is special by presenting the dynamic, integrated global business environment. Finally, the appendix at the end of this chapter contains a world atlas to be used as a primer for this chapter’s discussion and as a reference throughout the remainder of the book. Quick Study 1. De? ne the term international business, and explain how it affects each of us. 2. What do we mean by the terms imports and exports? 3. Explain how e-business (e-commerce) is affecting international business. 28 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Globalization globalization Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Although nations historically retained absolute control over the products, people, and capital crossing their borders, economies are becoming increasingly intertwined. Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer ? w of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders. As its de? nition implies, globalization involves much more than the expansion of trade and investment among nations. Globalization embraces concepts and theories from political science, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy as well as economics. As such, it is not a term exclusively reserved for multinational corpora tions and international ? nancial institutions. Nor is globalization the exclusive domain of those with only altruistic or moral intentions. In fact, globalization has been described as going â€Å"well beyond the links that bind corporations, traders, ? nanciers, and central bankers. It provides a conduit not only for ideas but also for processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists, politicians, religious leaders, anti-globalization activists, and bureaucrats alike. †4 For our purposes, this discussion focuses on the business implications of globalization. Two areas of business in which globalization is having profound effects are the globalization of markets and production. Globalization of Markets Globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world. This trend is occurring in many product categories, including consumer goods, industrial products, and business services. Clothing retailer L. L. Bean (www. llbean. com), shoe producer Nike (www. nike. com), and electronics maker Sony (www. sony. com) are just a few companies that sell global products—products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes. For example, Apple’s iPad qualifies as a global product because of its highly standardized features and the company’s global marketing strategy and global brand. Global products and global competition characterize many industries and markets, including semiconductors (Intel, Philips), aircraft (Airbus, Boeing), construction equipment (Caterpillar, Mitsubishi), autos (Honda, Volkswagen), ? nancial services (Citicorp, HSBC), air travel (Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines), accounting services (Ernst Young, KPM G), consumer goods (Procter Gamble, Unilever), and fast food (KFC, McDonald’s). The globalization of markets is important to international business because of the bene? ts it offers companies. Let’s now look brie? y at each of these bene? s. REDUCES MARKETING COSTS Companies that sell global products can reduce costs by standardizing certain marketing activities. A company selling a global consumer good, such as shampoo, can make an identical product for the global market and then simply design different packaging to account for the language spoken in each market. Companies can achieve further cost savings by keeping an ad’s visual component the same for all markets but dubbing TV ads and translating print ads into local languages. CREATES NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES A company that sells a global product can explore pportunities abroad if the home market is small or becomes saturated. For example, China holds enormous potential for e-business with more than 400 mi llion Internet users, which is greater than the population of the entire United States. But while more than 70 percent of people in the United States actively surf the Web, just 30 percent of people in China do. So, the battle for market share in the Middle Kingdom is raging between the top two online search engines— Google (www. google. cn) and Yahoo! (www. cn. yahoo. com). Seeking sales growth abroad can be absolutely essential for an entrepreneur or small company that sells a global product but has a limited home market. CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 29 Ecstatic customers display their new iPads in Mexico City. The iPad is Apple’s (www. apple. com) ? rst tablet computer and a global success that excites style-lovers the world over. The iPad lets users surf the Web, write e-mail, ? ip through photos, and watch movies—all on a device that is only 0. 5 inches thick. Thousands of applications expand the iPad’s capabilities even further and more are creat ed daily. Apple standardized the iPad to reduce production and marketing costs and to support its powerful global brand. Source: STR/Newscom. LEVELS UNEVEN INCOME STREAMS A company that sells a product with universal, but sea- sonal, appeal can use international sales to level its income stream. By supplementing domestic sales with international sales, the company can reduce or eliminate wide variations in sales between seasons and steady its cash ? ow. For example, a ? rm that produces suntan and sunblock lotions can match product distribution with the summer seasons in the northern and outhern hemispheres in alternating fashion—thereby steadying its income from these global, yet highly seasonal, products. YET LOCAL NEEDS ARE IMPORTANT Despite the potential bene? ts of global markets, managers must constantly monitor the match between the ? rm’s products and markets to not overlook the needs of buyers. The bene? t of serving customers with an adapted product may outweigh the ben e? t of a standardized one. For instance, soft drinks, fast food, and other consumer goods are global products that continue to penetrate markets around the world. But sometimes these products require small modi? cations to better suit local tastes. In southern Japan, Coca-Cola (www. cocacola. com) sweetens its traditional formula to compete with sweeter-tasting Pepsi (www. pepsi. com). In India, where cows are sacred and the consumption of beef is taboo, McDonald’s (www. mcdonalds. com) markets the â€Å"Maharaja Mac†Ã¢â‚¬â€two all-mutton patties on a sesame-seed bun with all the usual toppings. Globalization of Production Many production activities are also becoming global. Globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services. Let’s now explore the bene? ts that companies obtain from the globalization of production. ACCESS LOWER-COST WORKERS Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost 30 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Although most services must be produced where they are consumed, some services can be performed at remote locations where labor costs are lower. Many European and U. S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent. ACCESS TECHNICAL EXPERTISE Companies also produce goods and services abroad to bene? t from technical know-how. Film Roman (www.? lmroman. com) produces the TV series The Simpsons, but it provides key poses and step-by-step frame directions to AKOM Production Company (www. akomkorea. com) in Seoul, South Korea. AKOM then ? lls in the remaining poses and links them into an animated whole. But there are bumps along the way, says animation director Mark Kirkland. In one middle-of-the-night phone call, Kirkland was explaining to the Koreans how to draw a shooting gun. They don’t allow guns in Korea; it’s against the law,† says Kirkland. â€Å"So they were calling me [asking]: ‘How does a gun work? ’† Kirkland and others put up with such cultural differences and phone calls at odd hours to tap a highly quali? ed pool of South Korean animators. 7 ACCESS PRODUCTION INPUTS Globalization of production allows companies to access re- sources that are unav ailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets. Japan, for example, is a small, densely populated GLOBAL CHALLENGES Managing Security in the Age of Globalization n a lawsuit. The damaged reputation of Goldman Sachs following its $550 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (for its actions before and during the ? nancial meltdown on Wall Street) is estimated to have cost the ? rm nearly 40 percent ($6 billion) of its brand value in one year. †¢ The Challenge. Like the risks themselves, the challenges are also varied. First, companies should identify all potential risks to their facilities and develop a bestpractice property risk program. Second, employees should change passwords often, guard computers and mobile devices ith software patches, and return company-owned digital devices when leaving the ? rm. Third, as they come under ever-increasing scrutiny, companies should act ethically and w ithin the law to protect their reputations. †¢ Want to Know More? Visit leading risk consultancy Kroll (www. krollworldwide. com), leading Internet security ? rm Check Point Software Technologies (www. checkpoint. com), and Internet security agency CERT Coordination Center (www. cert. org). Sources: Douglas McIntyre, â€Å"The 10 Biggest Brand Disasters of 2010,† Daily Finance Web site (www. daily? nance. om), July 21, 2010; Erik Schatzker and Christine Harper, â€Å"Goldman Could Have Managed Reputational Risks Better, Cohn Says,† Bloomberg Businessweek (www. businessweek. com), July 1, 2010; The Risk/Earnings Ratio: New Perspectives for Achieving Bottom-Line Stabililty (Johnston, RI; FM Global, June 2010); An Introduction to the Business Model for Information Security (Rolling Meadows, IL: ISACA, 2009). The globalization of markets and production creates new challenges for companies. As well as the need to secure lengthy supply chains and distribution channels, companies must secure their facilities, information systems, and reputations. Facilities Risk. Careful planning and facilities assessment (around $12,000 for a midsized company; $1 million for a large ? rm) can be well worth the cost. Large companies with top-notch property risk management programs are said to produce more stable earnings. And companies practicing weak risk management experience 55 times greater risk of property loss due to ? re and 29 times greater risk of property loss caused by natural hazards. †¢ Information Risk. Computer viruses, software worms, malicious code, and cyber criminals cost companies around the world many billions of dollars each year. The usual suspects include disgruntled employees and dishonest competitors, but often are hackers who steal customers’ personal and ? nancial data that is then sold worldwide to the highest bidder. Upon quitting their jobs, some employees simply walk away with digital devices containing con? dential memos, competitive data, and private e-mails. †¢ Reputational Risk. News regarding the actions of today’s largest corporations spreads worldwide quickly. Reputational risk is anything that can harm a ? rm’s image, including accounting irregularities, product recalls, workers’ rights violations, and involvement CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 31 island nation with very few natural resources of its own—especially forests. But Japan’s largest paper company, Nippon Seishi, does more than simply import wood pulp. The company owns huge forests and corresponding processing facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United States. This gives the ? rm not only access to an essential resource but also control over earlier stages in the papermaking process. As a result, the company is guaranteed a steady ? ow of its key ingredient (wood pulp) that is less subject to swings in prices and supply associated with buying pulp on the open market. Likewise, to access cheaper energy resources used in manufacturing, a variety of Japanese ? rms are relocating production to China and Vietnam, where energy costs are lower. Despite its bene? ts, globalization also creates new risks and accentuates old ones for companies. To read about several key risks that globalization heightens and how companies can better manage them, see this chapter’s Global Challenges feature, titled â€Å"Managing Security in the Age of Globalization. † Quick Study 1. De? ne globalization. How does denationalization differ from internationalization? . List each bene? t a company might obtain from the globalization of markets. 3. How might a company bene? t from the globalization of production? Forces Driving Globalization Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production: falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation. These two features, more than anything else, are increasing competition among nations by leveling the global business playing field. Greater competition is simultaneously driving companies worldwide into more direct confrontation and cooperation. Local industries once isolated by time and distance are increasingly accessible to large international companies based many thousands of miles away. Some small and medium-sized local firms are compelled to cooperate with one another or with larger international firms to remain competitive. Other local businesses revitalize themselves in a bold attempt to survive the competitive onslaught. And on a global scale, consolidation is occurring in many industries as former competitors link up to challenge others on a worldwide basis. Let’s now explore in greater detail the pivotal roles of the two forces driving globalization. Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment In 1947, political leaders of 23 nations (12 developed and 11 developing economies) made history when they created the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—a treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. Tariffs are essentially taxes levied on traded goods, and nontariff barriers are limits on the quantity of an imported product. The treaty was successful in its early years. After four decades, world merchandise trade had grown 20 times larger, and average tariffs had fallen from 40 percent to 5 percent. Signi? cant progress occurred again with a 1994 revision of the GATT treaty. Nations that had signed on to the treaty further reduced average tariffs on merchandise trade and lowered subsidies (government ? nancial support) for agricultural products. The treaty’s revision also clearly de? ned intellectual property rights—giving protection to copyrights (including computer programs, databases, sound recordings, and ? ms), trademarks and service marks, and patents (including trade secrets and know-how). A major ? aw of the original GATT was that it lacked the power to enforce world trade rules. Likely the greatest accomplishment of the 1994 revision was the creation of the World Trade Organization. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization that enforces the rules of international trade. The three main goals of the WTO (www. wto. org) are to help the free ? ow of trade, help negotiate the further opening of markets, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. World Trade Organization (WTO) International organization that enforces the rules of international trade. 32 PART 1 †¢ GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT and settle trade disputes among its members. It is the power of the WTO to settle trade disputes that really sets it apart from its predecessor, the GATT. The various WTO agreements are essentially contracts between member nations that commit them to maintaining fair and open trade policies. Offenders must realign their trade policies according to WTO guidelines or face ? es and, perhaps, trade sanctions (penalties). Because of its ability to penalize offending nations, the WTO’s dispute settlement system truly is the spine of the global trading system. The WTO replaced the institution of GATT but absorbed all of the former GATT agreements. Thus, the GATT institution no longer of? cially exists. Today, the WTO recognize s 153 members and 30 â€Å"observer† members. The WTO launched a new round of negotiations in Doha, Qatar, in late 2001. The renewed negotiations were designed to lower trade barriers further and to help poor nations in particular. Agricultural subsidies that rich countries pay to their own farmers are worth $1 billion per day— more than six times the value of their combined aid budgets to poor nations. Because 70 percent of poor nations’ exports are agricultural products and textiles, wealthy nations had intended to further open these and other labor-intensive industries. Poor nations were encouraged to reduce tariffs among themselves and were to receive help in integrating themselves into the global trading system. Although the Doha round was to conclude by the end of 2004, negotiations are proceeding more slowly than was anticipated. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS In addition to the WTO, smaller groups of nations are integrat- ing their economies as never before by fostering trade and boosting cross-border investment. For example, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) gathers three nations (Canada, Mexico, and the United States) into a free-trade bloc. The more ambitious European Union (EU ) combines 27 countries. The Asia Paci? c Economic Cooperation (APEC) consists of 21 member economies committed to creating a free-trade zone around the Paci? c. The aims of each of these smaller trade pacts are similar to those of the WTO but are regional in nature. Moreover, some nations are placing greater emphasis on regional pacts because of resistance to worldwide trade agreements. TRADE AND NATIONAL OUTPUT Together, the WTO agreements and regional pacts have gross domestic product (GDP) Value of all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period. gross national product (GNP) Value of all goods and services produced by a country’s domestic and international activities over a one-year period. boosted world trade and cross-border investment signi? cantly. Trade theory tells us that openness to trade helps a nation to produce a greater amount of output. Map 1. 1 illustrates that growth in national output over a recent 10-year period is signi? cantly positive. Economic growth is greater in nations that have recently become more open to trade, such as China, India, and Russia, than it is in many other countries. Much of South America is also growing rapidly, while Africa’s experience is mixed. Let’s take a moment in our discussion to define a few terms that we will encounter time and again throughout this book. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period. GDP excludes a nation’s income generated from exports, imports, and the international operations of its companies. We can speak in terms of world GDP when we sum all individual nations’ GDP figures. GDP is a somewhat narrower figure than gross national product (GNP)—the value of all goods and services produced by a country’s domestic and international activities over a one-year period. A country’s GDP or GNP per capita is simply its GDP or GNP divided by its population. GDP or GNP per capita Nation’s GDP or GNP divided by its population. Technological Innovation Although falling barriers to trade and investment encourage globalization, technological innovation is accelerating its pace. Signi? cant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Let’s examine several innovations that have had a considerable impact on globalization. E-MAIL AND VIDEOCONFERENCING Operating across borders and time zones complicates the job of coordinating and controlling business activities. But technology can speed the ? w of information and ease the tasks of coordination and control. Electronic mail (e-mail) is an CHAPTER 1 †¢ GLOBALIZATION 33 indispensable tool that managers use to stay in contact with international operations an

The Sphinx in Greek and Egyptian Legend

The Sphinx in Greek and Egyptian Legend There are two creatures called a sphinx. One sphinx is an Egyptian desert statue of a hybrid creature. It has a leonine body and the head of another creature typically, human.The other type of sphinx is a Greek demon with a tail and wings. The 2 types of sphinx are similar because they are hybrids, having body parts from more than one animal. Mythological Sphinx and Oedipus Oedipus was made famous in modern times by Freud, who based a psychological condition on Oedipus love of his mother and murder of his father. Part of Oedipus ancient legend is that he saved the day when he answered the riddle of the sphinx, who had been ravaging the countryside. When Oedipus ran into the sphinx, she asked him a riddle she did not expect him to answer. Should he fail, she would eat him. She asked, What has 4 legs in the morning, 2 at noon, and 3 at night? Oedipus answered the sphinx, Man. And with that answer, Oedipus became king of Thebes. The sphinx responded by killing herself. Great Sphinx Statue in Egypt That may have been the end of the most famous, mythological sphinx, but there were other sphinxes in art and some of them still exist. The earliest is the sphinx statue made from the native bedrock in the desert sands at Giza, Egypt, a portrait thought to be of Pharaoh Khafre (fourth king of the 4th dynasty, c. 2575 - c. 2465 B.C.). This the Great Sphinx has a lion body with a human head. The sphinx may be a funerary monument to the pharaoh and of the god Horus in its aspect as ​Haurun-Harmakhis. Winged Sphinx The sphinx made its way to Asia where it gained wings. In Crete, the winged sphinx appears on artifacts from the 16th century B.C. Shortly thereafter, around the 15th century B.C., the sphinx statues became female. The sphinx is often depicted sitting on her haunches. Great SphinxThis InterOz site says sphinx means strangler, a name given the woman/lion/bird statue by the Greeks. Site tells about repair and reconstruction efforts.Guardians SphinxPhotographs and physical description of the Great Sphinx which is thought to have been commissioned by the Fourth Dynastys King Khafre.Saving the Secrets of the SandInterview and article on Dr. Zahi Hawass, director of the Sphinx Restoration Project, by Elizabeth Kaye McCall. See Recent Interviews for more information from Dr. Hawass.Remnants of a Lost Civilization?Zahi Hawass and Mark Lehner explain why most Egyptologists ignore the early dating theories of West and Schoch West and Schoch ignore the evidence of Old Egyptian society.

Introduction to inllectual property Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to inllectual property - Coursework Example ments of the patent is that it contains a clear description of the invention, so that people skilled in the field of engineering may be allowed to apply it. By law the patent is issued in the name of its actual inventor. However a joint inventor is allowed to contribute and conceive some elements as mentioned in the claims. Any technician or any other individual who worked under the guidance of the inventor is not considered to be the joint inventor, unless or until they have made any individual contribution. Patents can also be used as a negotiating tools for the cross licensing agreements that may at times include certain trade secrets. Copyright is used to keep the publishers and other entities from using the each other books without making payments. The basic concept indicates the fact that some spark of originality and creativity must be present for the protection of copyright. The concept of copyright is based on the fact that only the expression of functions or ideas is protected not the idea itself. It is certain that the idea of spreadsheet cannot be copyrighted; however some particular screen choices can be. Copyright gives long term protection to the publisher in comparison to the patent. The term covers the whole life of the author plus 50 years more. Decompiling codes is often used for in order to discover the working of software products. The information gained in this case should be abstracted before it is even applied. The clean room technique is an approach used for insulating an idea rather than expressing it. However if some new work is created by the author with reference to his previous copyrighted material, then such material is classified as derivative work. This derivative work is not considered original but it is considered to be the part of the copyrighted material. Trademarks are considered to be the logos, regular patterns or the stylized patterns used by the businesses and entrepreneurs as a shorthand identity to represent their

History of Theatrical Lighting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Theatrical Lighting - Essay Example The history of lighting in theatre is by nature a map to our own imaginations. In general, there are two kinds of illumination for the theatre, General Composition Illumination, and Selective Illumination. General Composition Illumination is used to produce a ‘wash’ of light across space, with little or no shadows. It is diffuse and undifferentiated. Selective Illumination is the creation of shafts or pinpoints of light that can be directed or fixed on certain areas of the stage in order to highlight a specific person, prop or scene. This draws the audience's attention to that area. Theatrical lighting has taken these two general categories and over the centuries learned to manipulate their intensity and colour for a myriad of effects and the creation of a more dynamic stage element. However, for the purposes of this analysis attention will be given to that lighting which is of a man-made origin. This of course begins with the humble candle. Attributed to invention circa 400 AD, the candle was at first relegated to religious ceremonies. As better materials were developed and the brightness and portability of the candle increased, it began to be used more generally. But it wasn't until the late fifteen hundreds that there are records of candles being used in theatres in Italy. Their popularity spread over Europe and to England by the early sixteen hundreds. Candles became the most significant light source for theatre productions. In the beginning candlelight was used to illuminate the members of the audience as well as the production and its actors. Candles were usually set in chandeliers over the audience and the audience section was under constant illumination during the performance while the stage would have varying degrees of light. Stagehands would snuff out and light candles according to the stage directions and there were also mechanical contrivances, different full chandeliers and partial branches were also used: Some of the branches could b e lowered by wires and pulleys so that the candles could be lit, snuffed, and extinguished. Lines, ropes, and pulleys are frequently mentioned in the accounts [of performances], but there are only a few explicit references to the raising and lowering of lights. Candles were also used as footlights and ladders in the wings to add side illumination. Then in the sixteenth century Sebastiano Serilio created a technique that gave candles a whole new dimension. By the use of coloured liquids made from various sources like saffron (yellow), burgundy wine (red) and so on he was able to give candlelight colour. He utilized a polished barber’s basin to reflect candlelight through these bottled liquids to project on actors and scenery. In a sense this was the first attempt at selective illumination as well. However candlelight had many drawbacks, one of which is the intensity and the quality of the light produced. Many candles, up to and sometimes exceeding thirty or more per several ch andeliers were necessary to have sufficient illumination for the stage or audience. Intensity is an important concern as relates to human vision. Detail can be lost if there is not enough light to discern them.

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example There are some factors that work in the Company’s favor. (a) It has a solid, established reputation in the locality and has been in existence for fifty years. Since the firm offers accounting services where an old and established firm is always preferred, it is likely that the reputable nature of the firm will be a strong basis to not only attract new business, but also top notch candidates to serve with the firm. (b) With rising prices and tough living conditions in nearby London, the Company has a great opportunity to attract qualified candidates who are looking for better and less expensive living conditions and who prefer a more spacious environment. However, there are several weakness in the current manner of operations in regard to Human resource management. (a) The firm does not appear to have realized the importance of Human Resources in enhancing the firm’s business, as evidenced by the fact that there is no human resource department, other than the involvement of one of the partner in managing payroll and pension issues. No other form of coordination exists in this department. Other professional firms like AccountCo have a well defined HR Management, because professional accountancy is being identified as the sphere with the strongest demand for accountants. In addition to pension schemes offered at AccountCo, other firms are also offering their employees performance related bonuses and other incentives. Private medical health insurance is offered by these companies and cash in lieu of other perks such as a Company car and other incentives. Additionally, several companies are also providing for paternity and maternity benefits such as additional leave and crà ¨che facilities for young children. Flexibility in working hours is a notable feature of the new accounting environment, in view of the increasing use of technology and the Internet in all work applications. While AccountCo

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members Eric Diehlmann   Gangs are not a new phenomenon in American society. As early as the late 1700 gangs emerged on the East Coast because of immigration and poverty (Howell Moore 2010). These early gangs helped people to feed their families and build a sense of belonging in a new country. Nowadays not much has changed individuals still join gangs to make money and feel like they belong. These gangs have kept crime alive in the cities where they exist and make it hard for law enforcement to keep crime rates low. In this paper, we will delve into the history of gangs, the activities of the gangs, and the differences between male and female gang members when it comes to membership and the victimization they experience in a gang. In the late 18th century the United States was established as an independent country and cities in the first states were experiencing the beginnings of gangs. These gangs were not seasoned criminals but youth fighting over local territory. In the 1820s organized gangs started to emerge after large scale immigration to the United States and the subsequent poverty and overcrowding that followed. Most of these gangs were initially white (Irish, Italian, German, etc.) but as Latinos and Blacks started to move to the cities in the 1950s the gangs became more racially diverse. The second period of gang growth also saw in increase in Poles, Italians and Jews in the cities which strengthened the gangs of the corresponding ethnicities. By the 1950s youth gangs have disappeared and a migration of Blacks and Latinos came into the city which sparked interracial tensions. White gangs violently resisted racial integration which led Black and Latino gangs to form as protection groups. Some modern-d ay gangs have their roots in penitentiaries where they were formed for protection from other inmates. In the Midwest gangs began similarly to the east where most gangs were white. Most notably Chicago which saw racial tensions between the white, black, and Latino gangs in the 1950s. Due to these tensions the proliferation of Latino and Black gangs occurred (Diamond 2005). As for gangs in the West the first were Latino due to the high Mexican population there. Like the East the first gangs were formed by groups of boys. As time passed these groups of boys became seasoned criminals recruiting others to join for protection and family. The cultural and physical marginalization of the Latino population helped to strengthen the developing gangs in the West where the Latino population was the majority (Howell Moore 2010). The difference between Latino gangs in the west compared to the Latino gangs in the East is that is gangs in the East arose from social disorganization stemming from the influx of immigrants coming through Ellis Island, whereas in the West the gangs arose from ethnic history and an alienation of the Latino culture. The major gangs that we take into consideration are MS 13, Trinitarios, The Aryan Brotherhood, The Bloods, and the Crips. MS-13 is a Latin street gang that has its origins in the poor neighborhoods of Los Angeles in the 1980s and in El Salvador. They span from Central America through Mexico and the United States all the way up to Canada. Their strongest presence is in Washington DC, California, and New York (Adams Pizarro). They originated in Southern California to protect each other from the violence caused by the Mexican Mafia. After time, they formed an alliance with the Mexican Mafia in 1993 which made them an official Southern California gang. To join the gang you have to be of Latin decent and go through an initiation process which involves a thirteen second beating from three older members or if you are female you have the option to be sexed in by having sex with thirteen members of the gang. Each prospective member is also required to do a trial period where they participate in gang activities. MS-13 is most notably known for their weapon of choice a machete, a number of violent acts committed by the gang are done with a machete. MS-13 is split up into cliques that vary in their own structure with larger cliques having a more military style hierarchy and smaller ones having designated leaders called shot callers. All gang members are required to follow the thirteen rules of conduct which include always obeying a superior member order to not saying mierda due the fact that thats what the rival gang the Eighteenth Street Gang calls them. In addition to the thirteen rules they must bring in profit, prove their toughness, and kill on command. Another famous Latin gang are the Trinitarios they were formed in 1989 by inmates in the Rikers Island Correction Facility and was composed of mostly Dominican inmates who sought protection. When the members were released they set up shop in the Washington Heights area of New York City and they are considered one of the fastest growing gangs on the Northeast. The requirements to be in the Trinitarios are that you must be of Dominican decent or affiliation as well as killing somebody or getting stabbed. The leaders from each regional chapter meet up once a year and other than that they all operate independently there are two main leaders but their identities are unknown. They have no alliances with other Latin gangs declare themselves rivals of those gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood is a prison gang that operates both in and out of prison. The gang formed in 1964 in San Quentin prison as a response to newly desegregated prisons, the founders were Irish bikers who sought protection in prison. The requirement to join the Brotherhood is that they must kill another person in a eye drawing fashion or kill a person of another race. Although they dont have as many members compared to other prison gangs the Aryan Brotherhood makes up for it in pure violence and disregard for authority. For example, a member of the Aryan Brotherhood killing a shot caller of a rival gang in the middle of a crowded prison yard with no concern of the repercussions. The Aryan Brotherhood have certain core values like white supremacy and adorn themselves in Nazi symbols like the swastika and SS patches or tattoos, this gang is also known to work with other gangs of varyi ng races which goes to show that making money comes before their racism. The Bloods arose in the early 1970s in response to the Crips gang becoming a powerful gang terrorizing neighborhoods in Los Angeles. There were other African American that arose in response to the Crips and over time these red gangs banded together to form the Bloods. Later on in the 1970s the Bloods and Crips began to divide up into neighborhoods in the Los Angeles area fervently protecting their territory. As time passed and their membership grew the Bloods are spread throughout the country both in states and their respective prison population. The requirements to be in the Bloods are that you must be African American, as well as survive a beat in by elder members of the gang and commit a crime or murder a member of a rival gang. The Crips arose in the late 1960s on high school campuses throughout to Los Angeles area. These groups were later organized into subsets that had their own leaders and hierarchies. T he initiation process for being a Crip is essentially the same for being a Blood, you must get beat in and kill a rival gang member or commit another crime. Now that we have a good background on the history of gangs and the different groups we will go over the types of crimes these gangs commit. The crimes of these gangs are all similar in a sense they are known for drug trafficking, murder, and human trafficking. If we look deeper we can see what makes each gangs crimes unique to them. To start off the MS-13 more specifically deals in drug distribution, murder, rape, prostitution, robbery, home invasions, immigration offenses, kidnapping, carjacking, and vandalism. All the following crimes are usually carried out as violently as possible where violence is necessary. A crime that sets them apart from the other gangs are immigration offenses, since MS-13 is a gang that requires El Salvadorian heritage many of the members go through Mexico to the U.S. where other gang members can get them into the U.S. illegally. The Trinitarios commit similar crimes to MS-13 except for immigration offenses. Since this is originally a prison gang a decent amount of the offenses may happen in penitentiaries. The Aryan Brotherhood commits crimes like the MS-13 and Trinitarios with the exception of racketeering, arms trafficking, inmate prostitution and some dog fighting. They are known specifically for distributing crystal methamphetamine. For the most part crimes happen in the prison system although they also have members that are not incarcerated that commit crimes and smuggle in money into the prison to give to other members. The Brotherhood also make themselves available as hitmen for hire for the right price. The Brotherhood mostly focuses on seriously organized crime activities which sets them apart from most gangs where the thing that they are about most is territory and not making money. The Bloods and Crips Gang activities are like the MS-13 and Trinitarios. Both gangs made large amounts of money during the crack-cocaine epidemic in Los Angeles and routinely rob and murder innocent people or rival gang members. When most people think of a gang member they often think of male members but there are many female gang members as well. Although they only account for usually 11% of gang member ship according to a study conducted by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Since females in gangs are a small minority of the total gang membership we will look at what gangs females are predominantly in. Female gang members can be separated into 3 types, mixed membership gangs where members can be male or female, auxiliary gangs, where a group of females works with a male dominated gang and finally female only gangs. Per the study Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts by Jody Miller and Rod K. Brunson they found that females most likely found themselves associated with mixed gangs or auxiliary gangs. When a female is in a gang they are found to assume one of two roles the tomboy or the sex object. The tomboy role is like the male members role in th e gang but is not usually accepted due to the male members viewing it as outside of the normal female behavior. The sex object role is obvious, the male members use a female for sexual purposes as well as using them to entrap male rival gang members and conceal weapons or drugs. In both roles, the females wanted to have the respect of their male peers. There were interesting observances of how a female presence would deter violent acts even in all male gangs. One of the all-male gang members explains Girls keep people from doin things and he goes on to tell a story about how a girl that he used to talk to hid his gun from him an attempt to stop him from getting vengeance on a rival gang member that shot his partner. Miller and Brunson g on to summarize this by stating Young womens presence gave these young men an excuse for avoiding violence, even though they depicted girls as only good for sex.. When looking at the activities that girls in gangs commit one member explains that his fellow member Tia mostly sold drugs and partied with the other members but did not participate in activities that included violence like drive bys and other confrontations with rival gangs. If a girl was involved on a violent act it was fighting another rival female member. When all the members were asked how they protected other members most of the subjects responded that guns were the primary source of protection. It was noted that girls just said guns while boys listed the types of firearms given to the members. A major difference between boys and girls when it came to weapons was that when the girls were asked what kind of weapons girls carried on them 70 percent stated they carried knives or similar instruments while 26 percent carried guns. As for inter-gang relationships between boys and girls it seems that in mixed gangs members for the most part had a sexual relationship with the other opposite sex members since dating can cause unwanted drama and fighting within the gang. As for all male gangs, they will have similar relationships with girls that hang out with the gang where they are only viewed as sex objects. The most apparent example of this sexual exploitation is seen when the initiation process of sexing in is used on new female recruits. If a female member is sexed in usually they do not receive any respect within the gang and are only viewed as sex objects. It was noted that if a female did associate with a mixed gender gang instead of a all-male gang they were afforded protect ion and some status within the gang. There are differences between how female and male members are attacked by other rival gangs. Male and female members both acknowledged that it is easier for males to be targeted by rivals than females mostly because females are allowed to wear whatever colors they want and are not assumed to be in a gang. There was a specific danger for female gang members, being kidnapped and sexually assaulted or beaten by rival gang members to make a point. For the most part females did not agree that they experienced the same amount of dangers that males face being in a gang. It is noted that both male and females agreed that once a violent situation came around the females are not included or they leave the scene. From the interviews with the gang members on their views on gender specific victimization all accounts had the idea that boys were more likely to experience lethal violence and girls were more likely to experience sexual violence. In summary, we can see that gangs have a rich culture in the United States dating back to when the first immigrants settled here. Although the gangs vary by ethnicity it seems that people join gangs for protection, to have some semblance of a family, or to make a living. The crimes of these gangs can vary but all of them commit violent crimes and sell drugs other illegal substances. As far as gender is concerned it is shown that females make up a small amount of membership in gangs and they usually do not participate in violent life threatening acts but they help distribute drugs and lure rival gang members. Just because female gang members arent involved in violent crimes does not mean that that are at less of a risk of danger. Females are at risk of being kidnapped and sexually or physically assaulted by rival gang members to make a point whereas male gang members are at risk of life threatening altercations with rival gang members. Works Cited: Adams, Jennifer J., and Jesenia M. Pizarro.MS-13 Gang Profile(2009): n. pag.MS-13 Gang Profile. Journal of Gang Research, Summer 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Aryan Brotherhood.Aryan Brotherhood. Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2011 Diamond, Andrew J. Gangs.Gangs. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. Dun, J. (n.d.). Los Angeles Crips and Bloods: Past and Present. Retrieved March 02, 2017, fromhttps://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/lacrips.htm Howell, James C., and John P. Moore. The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations.History of Street Gangs in The United States(2010): n. pag.History of Street Gangs in The United States. U.S. Department of Justice, May 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Miller, Jody, and Rod K. Brunson. Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts.Justice Quarterly17.3 (2000): 419-48. Web. Olmstead, Scott.Organization Data Sheet: Los Trinitarios Author: Scott Olmstead Review: Phil Williams A. When the Organization Was Formed + Brief History(n.d.): n. pag.Los Trinitarios. Pittsburgh University, May 2012. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex.Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1996. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.

Kenya Ameru Tribe :: essays papers

Kenya Ameru Tribe Kenya is a country that has nine provinces. It lies on the equator on the slopes of Mount Kenya and the Nyamben Mountain Range. It covers an area of 3,850 square miles. The climate of Kenya is one of short rains between March and May, with a long rainy season between October and December. Temperatures range from 68 degrees in the higher altitudes around Mt. Kenya, to 90 degrees in the arid Semiaro lands. The people of Kenya hold a proud tradition of farming. Ninety percent of the people are farmers. The population is large and spread out covering both the dry, arid lands as well as the fertile areas. Crops grown fit the type of area of land in which they are cultivated. Livestock and beekeeping are other methods of farming popular in eastern Africa. Wheat is grown in the upper and lower Highlands. Pyrethrum, potatoes, maize, beans and tea are other crops that grow in the area. Farmers grow substance crops to feed their family as well as to sell for cash. The livestock are kept for dairy products used in the home. Maize, fodder beets, and napiergrass are grown to feed livestock. In 1880 changes were brought to Kenya from British Columbia. In 1963, Kenya won its independence. Their independence brought about a change in the economy. Prior to the separation, Kenya was forced to give profits to Britain. Independence provided changes in the relationship between the people and their land. The introduction of cash crops changed the Meru farming systems. The Ameru people could not produce enough of the cash crops and still have enough left to support their families. For the first time, they were forced to pay taxes. To prevent the exhaustion of the land, the people developed new methods of farming. By rotating the crops, larger profits could be made. The people of the Kenya/Ameru tribe came from the area around the Niger River in West Africa. They traveled through the Congo Basin up to Kantanga, where they moved toward the eastern part of Kenya. The Ameru arrived at Mt. Kenya as a single group. Originally they settled around Mt. Kenya. When the people began to migrate into eastern Kenya, the Koomenjave or Spiritual Leader divided the Ameru into three groups. The Koomenjave was responsible for keeping law and order. He was in political control of all of the groups within the Ameru Tribe.

Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management

Some financial advisors are needlessly struggling with behavioral finance because they lack a systematic way to apply it to their client relationships. In my 2006 book, Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management, I outline a method of applying behavioral finance to private clients in a way that I now refer to as â€Å"bottom-up. † This means that for financial advisors to diagnose and treat behavioral biases, he or she must first test for all behavioral biases in a client, and then determine which ones a client has before being able to use bias information to create a customized investment plan. In my book I describe the most common behavioral biases an advisor is likely to encounter, explain how to diagnose these biases, show how to identify behavioral investor types, and finally show how to plot this information on a chart to create the client's â€Å"best practical allocation. † But some advisors may find this bottom-up approach too time-consuming or complex. So, I created a simpler, more efficient approach to bias identification that is â€Å"top-down,† a shortcut if you will, that can make bias identification much easier. I call it Behavioral Alpha, and the core of this process is four behavioral investor types. Over the next four articles, we will learn the four behavioral investor types and how to deal with each of these types of investors. For readers to understand behavioral investor types, they need to get a fundamental understanding of the 20 behavioral biases I outline in my book. In this article, we will review these biases that are encountered with actual clients, with a description of the bias and a classification of whether the bias is cognitive or emotional. Behavioral biases fall into two broad categories, cognitive and emotional, with both varieties yielding irrational judgments. A cognitive bias can be technically defined as a basic statistical, information processing, or memory error common to all human beings. They also can be thought of as â€Å"blind spots† or distortions in the human mind. Cognitive biases do not result from emotional or intellectual predisposition toward a certain judgments, but rather from subconscious mental procedures for processing information. On the opposite side of the spectrum from illogical or distorted reasoning we have emotional biases. Although emotion is a difficult word to describe and has no single universally accepted definition, an emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously, rather than through conscious effort. Emotions are physical expressions, often involuntary, related to feelings, perceptions or beliefs about elements, objects or relations between them, in reality or in the imagination. Emotions can be undesired to the individual feeling them; he or she might wish to control their emotions but often cannot. Investors can be presented with emotionally based investment decisions, and may make suboptimal decisions by having emotions affect these decisions. Often, because emotional biases originate from impulse or intuition rather than conscious calculations they are difficult to correct. Emotional biases include endowment, loss aversion, and self-control. We will investigate both cognitive and emotional biases in the next section. The distinction between cognitive and emotional is an important one, because advisors will want to advise their clients differently based on which types of biases are being acted out. In the next four articles, we will use the biases described here a lot, so I encourage readers to get to know the biases presented here in concept. We will apply them to client situations in subsequent articles.

Abortion misc19 essays

Abortion misc19 essays November 14, 1979, with the temperature outside at fifteen degrees, a two pound baby girl was found in a field wrapped up in a wet, dirty, old shirt. The umbilical cord was still attached, and the baby had been aborted twelve weeks prematurely. With little chance of survival, the baby was taken to a medical center. The little girl survived surgery and other efforts to save her. The baby was later adopted by, Susan Morrison, one of the nurses who attended to her. The baby was named Christelle, and now she and her mother talk to thousands of people about abortion and the pro-life movement (Maffet 13-14). This is an example of one person who felt they had the right to kill an unborn child. There are one million six hundred thousand other abortion stories every year in the United States alone (Swindoll 13). No one should have the right to kill an unborn child. "Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by death of the embryo or fe tus: as spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first twelve weeks, induced expulsion of a human fetus" (Webster 2). " The life of a child starts in the womb where God personally and sovereignly superintends the development and maturation of the baby before birth" (Swindoll 25). Because life begins at conception, abortion is more than terminating a pregnancy, it is taking a life. The development of a baby can be medically documented. At eighteen to twenty-five days the baby's heart starts to beat. At forty to forty-two days the brain waves can be detected and at eight weeks the baby can grasp its hands. It can also swim with a natural swimmer's stroke and will already have its own set of fingerprints (Student Pack 1). It is at this eight week period that about fifty percent of abortions are done (Swindoll 13). Approximately twenty-seven percent of all abortions are done at ten weeks into the pregnancy (Swindoll 13). At this stage of development, ...

Free sample - The Salad Bar. translation missing

The Salad Bar. The Salad BarBackground The introduction of Healthy salads by The Salad Bar is in a response to the rising cases of obesity in the country associated with eating unhealthy foods in fast food restaurants. Healthy salads are basically made from fresh farm produce such as lettuce and juices from fresh fruits will also be made, instead of the milkshake served in other fast foods outlets. Water will also be available at the convenience of the customers. The production and selling of the products shall take after the model of other restaurants such as In-n-out Burgers. Owing to the limited capital, the salad Bar will begin with a single restaurant with a plan to establish a countrywide presence in five years. By introducing these salads, The Salad Bar is looking forward to replacing the already existing market for fast foods with salads. Following this, customers will conveniently access healthy foods in any location in the country. As a result initial survey of the market indicates that the market for the new products exists. According to Jeffrey and French (1998), fast foods consumption and lack of exercise result in obesity and overweight situations (p.277). The combined effect of the healthy nature of the food, the favorable prices and the convenience in accessing the products will lead to increase in sales. The strength that the company has is convenience, and the strong product offered. The weaknesses include low capital and unreliable employees. The opportunities include favorable market, recovering economy, excited consumers and lack of stiff competition. The potential threats are the unpredictable economic situation, indecisive customers and financial instability.  Ã‚   Note that the current in research in the food industry indicates that parents as customers in this industry play a critical role in determining what is eaten by their children. Therefore, the development of advertisement plans would be tailored to focus more on attracting parents as customers for these salads. In addition, other adverts would target old people as most of them are on diet while others prefer natural foods with less fat. Therefore, these groups would form the major targets of the adverts which would be run on television, radio and the internet, especially on blogs. The adverts would run for a period of two weeks before launching these salads on the market. This is meant to create awareness among consumers and to assist them to realize and understand the need for healthier foods in their diet. Thereafter, these adverts would continue running, except that this time they would be on a less frequent basis; first to bring customers to an attention that there are healthy foods and to remind them on the places where these foods are found. Another area of focus would be on prices. On the other hand, outdoor promotions would also be important in the marketing of these foods. For instance, front-door promotions of actual food outside supermarkets, hypermarkets, etc. In consistency with this, the customers who visit these places would be able to visits the promotional stalls and taste these salads. As a result, these consumers would be presented by an opportunity to make their decisions on these foods based on facts in regard to the actual tastes of these foods. The advertisements and promotions of these foods are expected to increase the customer base of these products on the market. Notably, the creation of awareness of products among customers has been found to increase sales of products. In consistent with this, the promotion of these foods is expected to create a customer base. Furthermore, these promotions and adverts would alleviate the place of these foods in the market. On the other hand, these adverts and promotions are expected to increase sales and revenue in the short run. Therefore, these adverts and promotions should be run for the first three months as the market for these products is established. This would ensure a firm establishment of these products in the market as well as increase the revenues during this period. Additionally, this would also attract more customers to shift their buying behaviors towards spending their money on healthier foods. The items to be covered by the promotion are convenience, health and efficiency of the service. The foods served are low in carbohydrates and fats and include the following: organic and raw fruits, fat and grease free meats, fresh real fruit shakes, greens such as lettuce, vegetables such as green beans, snap peas, radishes, broccoli, avocadoes, tomatoes cucumbers, zucchini and carrots. Healthy meats such as lean beef, cooked shrimp, tuna and chicken breast will also be included. In addition, lemon juice, salad dressing and clear drinking water will be served if desirable. The expected net income for the first year of trading is 63,161. The net purchases for the year amounted to $61,000. Note that these were projected figures and they were expected to go higher or a little lower after the launching of the product in the market depending on the success of promotions and the advertisement campaign which was being carried out. In this respect, it was important to enhance the advertisement and promotional campaigns which were being carried out.

Ibsen, "An Enemy of the People" Assignment

Ibsen, "An Enemy of the People" - Assignment Example Dr. Stockmann knows that the health of the community is significant, and that is why he devotes time to carry out the reliable scientific tests. The findings are important in preventing the dire consequences of drinking the water. The doctor does not only point out the danger, but also provides a solution to correct the anomaly. Thus, it is unfair for Peter Stockmann to accuse the doctor of not thinking of the community. The media play a significant role in validating the Dr. Stockmann’s findings and showing his commitment to doing the right thing. The media is the voice that relays information to the public. Hovstad, the editor of the People’s Messenger, enlightens the public regarding the incapability of the Mayor (34). Hovstad assures the public that every paper will reflect the affairs that are central to the people. Hence, the media is devoted to correcting the political class and pointing out the issues of concern to the public. In essence, the author uses the media to highlight the flaws in the leadership, as well as, critical issues that need immediate

Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Physics - Essay Example Besides this, he had inventions that made him unique among other physicists. In 1951, Bardeen left Bell Laboratories and went ahead to carry out his own research at Illinois. It is here that he won two major Nobel prizes in physics. His first Nobel Prize was the transistor in which he shared with William Shockley and Walter Brattain. The second Nobel Prize was for explanation of the theoretical concept of superconductivity. He shared this prize with Leon Cooper and Bob Schrieffer. The microscopic theory of superconductivity was also known as the â€Å"BCS Theory†. They were the first ones to give â€Å"a coherent explanation at the microscopic level of a wide range of intricate and fascinating phenomena in metals at low temperature, known as and related to superconductivity† (Bruus and Flensberg 325). Besides the two Nobel prizes making him different from the other scientific geniuses in physics of the twentieth century, his â€Å"remarkable modesty, his deep interest in the application of science, and his genuine ability to collaborate easily with experimentalist and theorist alike† added to his being distinguished (Bardeen 288). Nick Holonyak, his first electrical engineering graduate student did develop the light-emitting diode thus honoring John Bardeen. Ernest Rutherford was a British physicist born in 1871 in New Zealand (Marshall Cavendish Corporation 1501). According to Eve and Wilson, Rutherford was â€Å"one of the most eminent physicists ever, and earned his scientific reputation primarily by his pioneering contributions to radioactivity and nuclear physics† (Kragh 1). In 1907 in Canada, he was greatly involved in research at Mc Gill University where he discovered atomic nucleus or radioactivity. At Victoria University of Manchester (known as university of Manchester today) together with Thomas Royds, they were able to differentiate and name the alpha and the beta radiation. They did prove that the alpha radiation is the helium